RESEARCH SCIENTIST
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Pearls from a Clinician-Researcher (TPJ, June 2021)
Tribute in JBMR by Robert Marcus MD, Steve Cummings MD, Joan Lo MD, Harry Genant MDTribute in Menopause by Wulf Utian, MD and Isaac Schiff, MD (NAMS)
Announcement from NAMS (North American Menopause Society)
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Adjunct Investigator, Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California 2003-2020 Senior Investigator, Division of Research, Kaiser Permanent Northern California 1990-2003 Clinical Professor of Medicine (Emeritus), University of California San Francisco 1986-2020 President, International Bone Densitometry Workshop, 1988-1989 President, North American Menopause Society 1996-1997 PATENT
Cummings SR, Ettinger B, Ellman H, Inventors; Regents of the University of California, Kaiser Foundation Health Plan, The Permanente Medical Group, Berlex Laboratories, Assignees. Methods for treating postmenopausal women using ultra-low doses of estrogen. U.S. Patent 6,692,763. February 17, 2004. |
CONTRIBUTIONS TO SCIENCE
A graduate of Columbia College (A.B. Liberal Arts: cum laude) and Harvard Medical School (M.D. cum laude), Bruce Ettinger completed his Internal Medicine residency at the II & IV (Harvard) Medical Service, Boston City Hospital. Following a fellowship in Endocrinology at the UCSF Metabolic Research Unit, Dr. Ettinger joined The Permanente Medical Group (TPMG) in 1972. He worked as a Senior Physician in Endocrinology and Medicine at Kaiser Permanente San Francisco Medical Center until he retired in 2003. Throughout this tenure, he served in multiple leadership positions: Chair of Patient Rights Committee, TPMG 1970s; Regional Chair of Chiefs of Endocrinology, TPMG 1980-2003; Medical Liaison for the Regional Laboratory Services, KPNC 1985-2003; and Regional Chief of Densitometry Services, KPNC 1992-2003. As founding Chair of Endocrinology for KPNC and to many “The Father of TPMG Endocrinology”, he mentored countless TPMG residents, physicians, and researchers during his nearly 50-year career. His expertise in providing clear explanations that reassured patients navigating an uncertain medical diagnosis was remarkable. He is especially remembered for his curiosity, clinical insights, kindness, collegiality, and generosity of time.
As a Senior Investigator at the KPNC Division of Research 1990-2003, Dr. Ettinger spearheaded highly impactful research in women’s health related to menopause, osteoporosis, and fractures. His primary areas of research focused on kidney stones, osteoporosis epidemiology, fracture risk prediction, menopause management, and prevention and treatment of osteoporotic fractures. In addition to “stones and bones,” he was most proud of his women’s health research portfolio, which focused on efficacy and safety studies. Collaborating with scientists both nationally and internationally, he designed, planned, and executed both epidemiologic studies and clinical trials to identify acceptable, effective treatments for women’s menopause management and osteoporosis prevention. In 1996-1997, Dr. Ettinger served as President of the North American Menopause Society (NAMS). In addition to several awards from NAMS for his work advancing postmenopausal health, the journal Menopause selected three of Dr. Ettinger’s papers [1996 (1,2), 1997 (3,4), 2012 (5,6)] for its 25th Anniversary Commemorative Issue highlighting the most impactful paper from each of its 25 years of publication.(7)
Between 2000-2008, Dr. Ettinger served on an advisory committee for the National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA) to develop quality measures for osteoporosis diagnosis and treatment. These became the HEDIS measures that continue to serve as a benchmark for healthcare delivery systems nationally. The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force invited Dr. Ettinger to review their guidelines for screening to prevent osteoporotic fractures. In 2008 with the approval of the National Osteoporosis Foundation, Dr. Ettinger initiated an important update of the U.S. fracture incidence rates; this data became the revised reference standard used by the U.S. FRAX tool.(8) In 2009, he served as an expert reviewer for the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) scientific statement on the comparative effectiveness of treatments to prevent fractures in men and women with low bone density or osteoporosis. In his final decade as Senior Investigator Emeritus at the KPNC Division of Research, Dr. Ettinger advanced our understanding of atypical femur fractures and provided mentorship to the next generation of KPNC researchers, particularly Joan Lo, whom he entrusted to carry on his work in fracture risk assessment and with whom he partnered in new research examining ethnic differences in skeletal health.
1. Kidney Stones: Characterization of triamterene nephrolithiasis, recurrence, and prevention
As a metabolic endocrinologist, Dr. Ettinger’s early work focused on kidney stones (nephrolithiasis), including crystal formation in cystinuria, cystinuric calculi, (9,10) and outcomes following inorganic phosphate treatment of patients with calcium nephrolithiasis.(11) As a Kaiser Permanente physician, he was the first to identify triamterene renal calculi in treated patients (12) and conducted the first epidemiologic study of triamterene nephrolithiasis in the U.S.(13) Over 20 years, Dr. Ettinger built upon these early investigations to develop a larger body of accomplished work that advanced the field of kidney stones and their prevention. These include numerous double-blind placebo-controlled studies of phosphate,(14,15) allopurinol,(16) chlorthalidone(17) and K-Mg citrate(18) therapy for the prevention of recurrent nephrolithiasis that he led within Kaiser Permanente during the first two decades of his Permanente career.
2. Measurement of bone mineral density (BMD)
Together with Dr. Harry Genant and colleagues, Dr. Ettinger organized a clinical trial of women following oophorectomy which showed high rates of vertebral trabecular bone loss measured by quantitative computed tomography (QCT)(19-21) As bone densitometry became the clinical standard for osteoporosis screening, Dr. Ettinger implemented a large KPNC BMD surveillance program for older women. He set up 15 bone densitometry imaging centers across Northern California performing ongoing quality monitoring and leadership for the program.
3. Women’s Health: Menopause Management and Osteoporosis Prevention
Following findings from the BMD-QCT research that administration of estrogen minimized bone loss, (21-23) Dr. Ettinger initiated several epidemiologic studies that demonstrated fracture risk reductions among women using hormone therapy. (24,25) At this time, the American College of Physicians commissioned a statement and guidelines for hormone therapy.(26) Lingering concerns about these positive conclusions arise from observational studies prompted Drs. Ettinger, Grady, and Cummings to pursue further research with randomized control trials (RCT) to advance more robust understanding of the risks and benefits of hormone therapy. In his curiosity-driven pursuit to identify the lowest dose needed to treat, Dr. Ettinger led several RCTs that demonstrated lower than standard dosages of estrogen could adequately maintain bone density after menopause.(22,27) Designing research from his clinical practice, Dr. Ettinger initiated several studies to examine how to improve menopause management; these studies evaluated the gynecologic consequences of cyclic estrogen and progestin (28,29) and unopposed estrogen therapy,(30) the risk of breast cancer with long-term estrogen use,(3,4) and the challenges relating to estrogen discontinuation.(31,32) After he and other clinicians began to encounter patients who reported that their “TCM prescribed dong quai for menopause,” he designed studies to determine whether the Chinese herb “dong quai” had estrogenic properties(33) and to assess diagnostic consistency among Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) practitioners.(34) Dr. Ettinger’s research advanced the quality of care and choices available to menopausal women.
4. Clinical trial design and execution to examine osteoporosis prevention and treatment
KPNC Division of Research’s mission is research to improve the health of its members; over three decades, Dr. Ettinger played a key role in designing, executing, and monitoring numerous randomized controlled trials of novel therapies that were subsequently shown to prevent bone loss and/or reduce the risk of osteoporotic fractures. As well, he served as chair of bone endpoints committees in multiple trials. Dr. Ettinger was the lead author in the JAMA publication of the pivotal Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation (MORE) study,(35) a multicenter, double-blinded placebo-controlled randomized trial of two doses of raloxifene in 7705 post-menopausal women with osteoporosis. The MORE study showed that the risk of vertebral fracture was reduced for both doses of raloxifene, with greater efficacy at the higher dose, but it did not significantly reduce nonvertebral fracture risk.(35) He subsequently led a trial of parathyroid hormone in older women previously treated with alendronate or raloxifene within KPNC which found that parathyroid hormone stimulates bone turnover regardless of the type of prior therapy but increases bone mineral density only in those previously treated with raloxifene.(36) In collaboration with Dr. Steve Cummings and Dr. Deborah Grady at UCSF, Dr. Ettinger led the Ultra-Low-dose Transdermal estRogen Assessment (ULTRA) study, a multicenter randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial which found that low-dose, unopposed estradiol increased bone mineral density and reduced bone turnover among post-menopausal women without leading to endometrial hyperplasia—all the benefits with none of the risks of hormone therapy.(27,37)
5. Clinically useful fracture risk prediction models
With the rise of widespread bone density testing and promotion of osteoporosis pharmacotherapy in the 1990s, the need for evidence-based fracture risk assessment and counseling about osteoporosis emerged. Practitioners found it difficult to provide women with an accurate estimate of their fracture risk based on bone density results and other risk factors. Beginning around 2000, Dr. Ettinger began to develop a simple computerized fracture risk model using information on bone density and clinical risk factors for osteoporosis to calculate the five-year risk of fracture for postmenopausal women.(38) He tested the impact of this risk assessment model on provider understanding and prescribing practice; he demonstrated the utility of estimating absolute fracture risk in younger postmenopausal women with osteopenia who might not otherwise require or benefit from pharmacotherapy.(38) In 2008, when the web-based FRAX® Fracture Risk Assessment Tool was introduced by the World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Metabolic Bone Disease (University of Sheffield, England) and the International Osteoporosis Foundation, Dr. Ettinger collaborated with other scientists to update the rates of hip fracture and of major osteoporotic fractures for the U.S.(8); these data became the reference standard for the U.S. FRAX® tool upon its 2009 revision. He also developed, refined, and tested a web-based Fracture Risk Calculator (FRC) tool that communicated fracture risk in an accessible manner for patients.(39,40) Dr. Ettinger led several studies to validate the FORE FRC tool and the U.S. FRAX® tool. Early studies focused on validating the FORE FRC(41) and examining the performance of FRAX® in women(42) with Kaiser Permanente’s population data. In collaboration with the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men study (MrOS), Dr. Ettinger also validated the FORE FRC in men(43) and assessed the performance of FRAX® in this population.(44)
6. Atypical femur fractures in association with bisphosphonate therapy
During the past decade, Dr. Ettinger partnered with Dr. Joan Lo at the Kaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research to study the epidemiology of atypical femur fractures associated in women with bisphosphonate exposure.(45,46) After characterizing recent trends and ethnic differences in proximal and diaphyseal femur fractures,(47) they conducted population-based studies of atypical femur fracture among older women.(45,46) Dr. Ettinger also worked with a team of bone biologists to summarize the mechanism(s) contributing to the pathogenesis of atypical femur fracture.(48) These findings supported data from others that collectively convinced the medical and scientific community that atypical femur fractures were not osteoporotic fractures, but rather an uncommon adverse effect of bisphosphonate drugs on bone. In an evolving field lacking evidence-based consensus at that time, he published an important physician perspective that not only addressed a recent Task Force report on atypical femur fracture, but also provided practical treatment guidance and considerations for the practicing clinician.(49)
7. Ethnic differences in skeletal health
Throughout his career, Dr. Ettinger’s work has advanced our understanding of ethnicity and skeletal health. In an early Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Ancillary Study, he examined differences in bone density among young adults of black and white race, not attributable to anthropometric, lifestyle and biochemical differences.(50) Recent studies with Dr. Joan Lo have focused on Asian skeletal health,(51) where they observed that Asian women had a lower incidence of hip fracture about half that of white women,(47) but a higher risk of atypical femur fracture with bisphosphonate exposure.(46)
References
1. Ettinger B, Li DK, Klein R. Continuation of postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy: comparison of cyclic versus continuous combined schedules. Menopause. 2018;25(11):1187-1190.
2. Ettinger B, Li DK, Klein R. Continuation of postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy: Comparison of cyclic versus continuous combined schedules. Menopause. 1996;3(4):185-189.
3. Ettinger B, Quesenberry C, Schroeder DA, Friedman G. Long-term postmenopausal estrogen therapy may be associated with increased risk of breast cancer: A cohort study. Menopause. 2018;25(11):1191-1194.
4. Ettinger B, Quesenberry C, Schroeder DA, Friedman G. Long-term postmenopausal estrogen therapy may be associated with increased risk of breast cancer: A cohort study. Menopause. 1997;4(3):125-129.
5. Ettinger B, Wang SM, Leslie RS, Patel BV, Boulware MJ, Mann ME, McBride M. Evolution of postmenopausal hormone therapy between 2002 and 2009. Menopause. 2012;19(6):610-615.
6. Ettinger B, Wang SM, Leslie RS, Patel BV, Boulware MJ, Mann ME, McBride M. Evolution of postmenopausal hormone therapy between 2002 and 2009. Menopause. 2018;25(11):1306-1312.
7. Menopause 25th Anniversary Commemorative Issue. Menopause. 2018;25(11):1171.
8. Ettinger B, Black DM, Dawson-Hughes B, Pressman AR, Melton LJ, 3rd. Updated fracture incidence rates for the US version of FRAX. Osteoporos Int. 2010;21(1):25-33.
9. Ettinger B, Kolb FO. Chlordiazepoxide and cystinuric calculus. JAMA. 1970;212(4):627.
10. Ettinger B, Kolb FO. Factors involved in crystal formation in cystinuria. In vivo and in vitro crystallization dynamics and a simple, quantitative colorimetic assay for cystine. J Urol. 1971;106(1):106-110.
11. Ettinger B, Kolb FO. Inorganic phosphate treatment of nephrolithiasis. Am J Med. 1973;55(1):32-37.
12. Ettinger B, Weil E, Mandel NS, Darling S. Triamterene-induced nephrolithiasis. Ann Intern Med. 1979;91(5):745-746.
13. Ettinger B, Oldroyd NO, Sorgel F. Triamterene nephrolithiasis. JAMA. 1980;244(21):2443-2445.
14. Ettinger B. Recurrent nephrolithiasis: natural history and effect of phosphate therapy. A double-blind controlled study. Am J Med. 1976;61(2):200-206.
15. Ettinger B. Recurrence of nephrolithiasis. A six-year prospective study. Am J Med. 1979;67(2):245-248.
16. Ettinger B, Tang A, Citron JT, Livermore B, Williams T. Randomized trial of allopurinol in the prevention of calcium oxalate calculi. N Engl J Med. 1986;315(22):1386-1389.
17. Ettinger B, Citron JT, Livermore B, Dolman LI. Chlorthalidone reduces calcium oxalate calculous recurrence but magnesium hydroxide does not. J Urol. 1988;139(4):679-684.
18. Ettinger B, Pak CY, Citron JT, Thomas C, Adams-Huet B, Vangessel A. Potassium-magnesium citrate is an effective prophylaxis against recurrent calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis. J Urol. 1997;158(6):2069-2073.
19. Cann CE, Genant HK, Ettinger B, Gordan GS. Spinal mineral loss in oophorectomized women. Determination by quantitative computed tomography. JAMA. 1980;244(18):2056-2059.
20. Ettinger B, Genant HK, Cann CE. Assessment of vertebral and peripheral bone mineral loss in women after oophorectomy. In: Menczel K, Robin GC, Makin R, Steinberg R, eds. Osteoporosis. Chicester: John Wiley and Sons; 1982:436-440.
21. Genant HK, Cann CE, Ettinger B, Gordan GS. Quantitative computed tomography of vertebral spongiosa: a sensitive method for detecting early bone loss after oophorectomy. Ann Intern Med. 1982;97(5):699-705.
22. Ettinger B, Genant HK, Cann CE. Postmenopausal bone loss is prevented by treatment with low-dosage estrogen with calcium. Ann Intern Med. 1987;106(1):40-45.
23. Ettinger B, Genant HK, Steiger P, Madvig P. Low-dosage micronized 17 beta-estradiol prevents bone loss in postmenopausal women. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1992;166(2):479-488.
24. Maxim P, Ettinger B, Spitalny GM. Fracture protection provided by long-term estrogen treatment. Osteoporos Int. 1995;5(1):23-29.
25. Ettinger B, Genant HK, Cann CE. Long-term estrogen replacement therapy prevents bone loss and fractures. Ann Intern Med. 1985;102(3):319-324.
26. Grady D, Rubin SM, Petitti DB, Fox CS, Black D, Ettinger B, Ernster VL, Cummings SR. Hormone therapy to prevent disease and prolong life in postmenopausal women. Ann Intern Med. 1992;117(12):1016-1037.
27. Ettinger B, Ensrud KE, Wallace R, Johnson KC, Cummings SR, Yankov V, Vittinghoff E, Grady D. Effects of ultralow-dose transdermal estradiol on bone mineral density: a randomized clinical trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2004;104(3):443-451.
28. Ettinger B, Selby JV, Citron JT, Ettinger VM, Zhang D. Gynecologic complications of cyclic estrogen progestin therapy. Maturitas. 1993;17(3):197-204.
29. Ettinger B, Selby J, Citron JT, Vangessel A, Ettinger VM, Hendrickson MR. Cyclic hormone replacement therapy using quarterly progestin. Obstet Gynecol. 1994;83(5 Pt 1):693-700.
30. Ettinger B, Golditch IM, Friedman G. Gynecologic consequences of long-term, unopposed estrogen replacement therapy. Maturitas. 1988;10(4):271-282.
31. Ettinger B, Grady D, Tosteson AN, Pressman A, Macer JL. Effect of the Women's Health Initiative on women's decisions to discontinue postmenopausal hormone therapy. Obstet Gynecol. 2003;102(6):1225-1232.
32. Grady D, Ettinger B, Tosteson AN, Pressman A, Macer JL. Predictors of difficulty when discontinuing postmenopausal hormone therapy. Obstet Gynecol. 2003;102(6):1233-1239.
33. Hirata JD, Swiersz LM, Zell B, Small R, Ettinger B. Does dong quai have estrogenic effects in postmenopausal women? A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Fertil Steril. 1997;68(6):981-986.
34. Zell B, Hirata J, Marcus A, Ettinger B, Pressman A, Ettinger KM. Diagnosis of symptomatic postmenopausal women by traditional Chinese medicine practitioners. Menopause. 2000;7(2):129-134.
35. Ettinger B, Black DM, Mitlak BH, Knickerbocker RK, Nickelsen T, Genant HK, Christiansen C, Delmas PD, Zanchetta JR, Stakkestad J, Gluer CC, Krueger K, Cohen FJ, Eckert S, Ensrud KE, Avioli LV, Lips P, Cummings SR. Reduction of vertebral fracture risk in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis treated with raloxifene: results from a 3-year randomized clinical trial. Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation (MORE) Investigators. JAMA. 1999;282(7):637-645.
36. Ettinger B, San Martin J, Crans G, Pavo I. Differential effects of teriparatide on BMD after treatment with raloxifene or alendronate. J Bone Miner Res. 2004;19(5):745-751.
37. Johnson SR, Ettinger B, Macer JL, Ensrud KE, Quan J, Grady D. Uterine and vaginal effects of unopposed ultralow-dose transdermal estradiol. Obstet Gynecol. 2005;105(4):779-787.
38. Ettinger B, Hillier TA, Pressman A, Che M, Hanley DA. Simple computer model for calculating and reporting 5-year osteoporotic fracture risk in postmenopausal women. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2005;14(2):159-171.
39. FORE 10-Year Fracture Risk Calcuator for Health Care Professionals. http://riskcalculator.fore.org/. Accessed July 18, 2010.
40. Ettinger B. A personal perspective on fracture risk assessment tools. Menopause. 2008;15(5):1023-1026.
41. Lo JC, Pressman AR, Chandra M, Ettinger B. Fracture risk tool validation in an integrated healthcare delivery system. Am J Manag Care. 2011;17(3):188-194.
42. Pressman AR, Lo JC, Chandra M, Ettinger B. Methods for assessing fracture risk prediction models: experience with FRAX in a large integrated health care delivery system. J Clin Densitom. 2011;14(4):407-415.
43. Ettinger B, Liu H, Blackwell T, Hoffman AR, Ensrud KE, Orwoll ES. Validation of FRC, a fracture risk assessment tool, in a cohort of older men: the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Study. J Clin Densitom. 2012;15(3):334-342.
44. Ettinger B, Ensrud KE, Blackwell T, Curtis JR, Lapidus JA, Orwoll ES, Osteoporotic Fracture in Men Study Research G. Performance of FRAX in a cohort of community-dwelling, ambulatory older men: the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) study. Osteoporos Int. 2013;24(4):1185-1193.
45. Lo JC, Grimsrud CD, Ott SM, Chandra M, Hui RL, Ettinger B. Atypical femur fracture incidence in women increases with duration of bisphosphonate exposure. Osteoporos Int. 2019;30(12):2515-2520.
46. Lo JC, Hui RL, Grimsrud CD, Chandra M, Neugebauer RS, Gonzalez JR, Budayr A, Lau G, Ettinger B. The association of race/ethnicity and risk of atypical femur fracture among older women receiving oral bisphosphonate therapy. Bone. 2016;85:142-147.
47. Lo JC, Zheng P, Grimsrud CD, Chandra M, Ettinger B, Budayr A, Lau G, Baur MM, Hui RL, Neugebauer R. Racial/ethnic differences in hip and diaphyseal femur fractures. Osteoporos Int. 2014;25(9):2313-2318.
48. Ettinger B, Burr DB, Ritchie RO. Proposed pathogenesis for atypical femoral fractures: Lessons from material research. Bone. 2013;55(2):495-500.
49. Ettinger B, Stuenkel CA, Schnatz PF. Menopause practitioner perspective on the American Society of Bone and Mineral Research Task Force report on atypical femoral fracture. Menopause. 2013;20(10):1092-1097.
50. Ettinger B, Sidney S, Cummings SR, Libanati C, Bikle DD, Tekawa IS, Tolan K, Steiger P. Racial differences in bone density between young adult black and white subjects persist after adjustment for anthropometric, lifestyle, and biochemical differences. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997;82(2):429-434.
51. Lo JC, Kim S, Chandra M, Ettinger B. Applying ethnic-specific bone mineral density T-scores to Chinese women in the USA. Osteoporos Int. 2016;27(12):3477-3484.
2. Ettinger B, Li DK, Klein R. Continuation of postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy: Comparison of cyclic versus continuous combined schedules. Menopause. 1996;3(4):185-189.
3. Ettinger B, Quesenberry C, Schroeder DA, Friedman G. Long-term postmenopausal estrogen therapy may be associated with increased risk of breast cancer: A cohort study. Menopause. 2018;25(11):1191-1194.
4. Ettinger B, Quesenberry C, Schroeder DA, Friedman G. Long-term postmenopausal estrogen therapy may be associated with increased risk of breast cancer: A cohort study. Menopause. 1997;4(3):125-129.
5. Ettinger B, Wang SM, Leslie RS, Patel BV, Boulware MJ, Mann ME, McBride M. Evolution of postmenopausal hormone therapy between 2002 and 2009. Menopause. 2012;19(6):610-615.
6. Ettinger B, Wang SM, Leslie RS, Patel BV, Boulware MJ, Mann ME, McBride M. Evolution of postmenopausal hormone therapy between 2002 and 2009. Menopause. 2018;25(11):1306-1312.
7. Menopause 25th Anniversary Commemorative Issue. Menopause. 2018;25(11):1171.
8. Ettinger B, Black DM, Dawson-Hughes B, Pressman AR, Melton LJ, 3rd. Updated fracture incidence rates for the US version of FRAX. Osteoporos Int. 2010;21(1):25-33.
9. Ettinger B, Kolb FO. Chlordiazepoxide and cystinuric calculus. JAMA. 1970;212(4):627.
10. Ettinger B, Kolb FO. Factors involved in crystal formation in cystinuria. In vivo and in vitro crystallization dynamics and a simple, quantitative colorimetic assay for cystine. J Urol. 1971;106(1):106-110.
11. Ettinger B, Kolb FO. Inorganic phosphate treatment of nephrolithiasis. Am J Med. 1973;55(1):32-37.
12. Ettinger B, Weil E, Mandel NS, Darling S. Triamterene-induced nephrolithiasis. Ann Intern Med. 1979;91(5):745-746.
13. Ettinger B, Oldroyd NO, Sorgel F. Triamterene nephrolithiasis. JAMA. 1980;244(21):2443-2445.
14. Ettinger B. Recurrent nephrolithiasis: natural history and effect of phosphate therapy. A double-blind controlled study. Am J Med. 1976;61(2):200-206.
15. Ettinger B. Recurrence of nephrolithiasis. A six-year prospective study. Am J Med. 1979;67(2):245-248.
16. Ettinger B, Tang A, Citron JT, Livermore B, Williams T. Randomized trial of allopurinol in the prevention of calcium oxalate calculi. N Engl J Med. 1986;315(22):1386-1389.
17. Ettinger B, Citron JT, Livermore B, Dolman LI. Chlorthalidone reduces calcium oxalate calculous recurrence but magnesium hydroxide does not. J Urol. 1988;139(4):679-684.
18. Ettinger B, Pak CY, Citron JT, Thomas C, Adams-Huet B, Vangessel A. Potassium-magnesium citrate is an effective prophylaxis against recurrent calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis. J Urol. 1997;158(6):2069-2073.
19. Cann CE, Genant HK, Ettinger B, Gordan GS. Spinal mineral loss in oophorectomized women. Determination by quantitative computed tomography. JAMA. 1980;244(18):2056-2059.
20. Ettinger B, Genant HK, Cann CE. Assessment of vertebral and peripheral bone mineral loss in women after oophorectomy. In: Menczel K, Robin GC, Makin R, Steinberg R, eds. Osteoporosis. Chicester: John Wiley and Sons; 1982:436-440.
21. Genant HK, Cann CE, Ettinger B, Gordan GS. Quantitative computed tomography of vertebral spongiosa: a sensitive method for detecting early bone loss after oophorectomy. Ann Intern Med. 1982;97(5):699-705.
22. Ettinger B, Genant HK, Cann CE. Postmenopausal bone loss is prevented by treatment with low-dosage estrogen with calcium. Ann Intern Med. 1987;106(1):40-45.
23. Ettinger B, Genant HK, Steiger P, Madvig P. Low-dosage micronized 17 beta-estradiol prevents bone loss in postmenopausal women. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1992;166(2):479-488.
24. Maxim P, Ettinger B, Spitalny GM. Fracture protection provided by long-term estrogen treatment. Osteoporos Int. 1995;5(1):23-29.
25. Ettinger B, Genant HK, Cann CE. Long-term estrogen replacement therapy prevents bone loss and fractures. Ann Intern Med. 1985;102(3):319-324.
26. Grady D, Rubin SM, Petitti DB, Fox CS, Black D, Ettinger B, Ernster VL, Cummings SR. Hormone therapy to prevent disease and prolong life in postmenopausal women. Ann Intern Med. 1992;117(12):1016-1037.
27. Ettinger B, Ensrud KE, Wallace R, Johnson KC, Cummings SR, Yankov V, Vittinghoff E, Grady D. Effects of ultralow-dose transdermal estradiol on bone mineral density: a randomized clinical trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2004;104(3):443-451.
28. Ettinger B, Selby JV, Citron JT, Ettinger VM, Zhang D. Gynecologic complications of cyclic estrogen progestin therapy. Maturitas. 1993;17(3):197-204.
29. Ettinger B, Selby J, Citron JT, Vangessel A, Ettinger VM, Hendrickson MR. Cyclic hormone replacement therapy using quarterly progestin. Obstet Gynecol. 1994;83(5 Pt 1):693-700.
30. Ettinger B, Golditch IM, Friedman G. Gynecologic consequences of long-term, unopposed estrogen replacement therapy. Maturitas. 1988;10(4):271-282.
31. Ettinger B, Grady D, Tosteson AN, Pressman A, Macer JL. Effect of the Women's Health Initiative on women's decisions to discontinue postmenopausal hormone therapy. Obstet Gynecol. 2003;102(6):1225-1232.
32. Grady D, Ettinger B, Tosteson AN, Pressman A, Macer JL. Predictors of difficulty when discontinuing postmenopausal hormone therapy. Obstet Gynecol. 2003;102(6):1233-1239.
33. Hirata JD, Swiersz LM, Zell B, Small R, Ettinger B. Does dong quai have estrogenic effects in postmenopausal women? A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Fertil Steril. 1997;68(6):981-986.
34. Zell B, Hirata J, Marcus A, Ettinger B, Pressman A, Ettinger KM. Diagnosis of symptomatic postmenopausal women by traditional Chinese medicine practitioners. Menopause. 2000;7(2):129-134.
35. Ettinger B, Black DM, Mitlak BH, Knickerbocker RK, Nickelsen T, Genant HK, Christiansen C, Delmas PD, Zanchetta JR, Stakkestad J, Gluer CC, Krueger K, Cohen FJ, Eckert S, Ensrud KE, Avioli LV, Lips P, Cummings SR. Reduction of vertebral fracture risk in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis treated with raloxifene: results from a 3-year randomized clinical trial. Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation (MORE) Investigators. JAMA. 1999;282(7):637-645.
36. Ettinger B, San Martin J, Crans G, Pavo I. Differential effects of teriparatide on BMD after treatment with raloxifene or alendronate. J Bone Miner Res. 2004;19(5):745-751.
37. Johnson SR, Ettinger B, Macer JL, Ensrud KE, Quan J, Grady D. Uterine and vaginal effects of unopposed ultralow-dose transdermal estradiol. Obstet Gynecol. 2005;105(4):779-787.
38. Ettinger B, Hillier TA, Pressman A, Che M, Hanley DA. Simple computer model for calculating and reporting 5-year osteoporotic fracture risk in postmenopausal women. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2005;14(2):159-171.
39. FORE 10-Year Fracture Risk Calcuator for Health Care Professionals. http://riskcalculator.fore.org/. Accessed July 18, 2010.
40. Ettinger B. A personal perspective on fracture risk assessment tools. Menopause. 2008;15(5):1023-1026.
41. Lo JC, Pressman AR, Chandra M, Ettinger B. Fracture risk tool validation in an integrated healthcare delivery system. Am J Manag Care. 2011;17(3):188-194.
42. Pressman AR, Lo JC, Chandra M, Ettinger B. Methods for assessing fracture risk prediction models: experience with FRAX in a large integrated health care delivery system. J Clin Densitom. 2011;14(4):407-415.
43. Ettinger B, Liu H, Blackwell T, Hoffman AR, Ensrud KE, Orwoll ES. Validation of FRC, a fracture risk assessment tool, in a cohort of older men: the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Study. J Clin Densitom. 2012;15(3):334-342.
44. Ettinger B, Ensrud KE, Blackwell T, Curtis JR, Lapidus JA, Orwoll ES, Osteoporotic Fracture in Men Study Research G. Performance of FRAX in a cohort of community-dwelling, ambulatory older men: the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) study. Osteoporos Int. 2013;24(4):1185-1193.
45. Lo JC, Grimsrud CD, Ott SM, Chandra M, Hui RL, Ettinger B. Atypical femur fracture incidence in women increases with duration of bisphosphonate exposure. Osteoporos Int. 2019;30(12):2515-2520.
46. Lo JC, Hui RL, Grimsrud CD, Chandra M, Neugebauer RS, Gonzalez JR, Budayr A, Lau G, Ettinger B. The association of race/ethnicity and risk of atypical femur fracture among older women receiving oral bisphosphonate therapy. Bone. 2016;85:142-147.
47. Lo JC, Zheng P, Grimsrud CD, Chandra M, Ettinger B, Budayr A, Lau G, Baur MM, Hui RL, Neugebauer R. Racial/ethnic differences in hip and diaphyseal femur fractures. Osteoporos Int. 2014;25(9):2313-2318.
48. Ettinger B, Burr DB, Ritchie RO. Proposed pathogenesis for atypical femoral fractures: Lessons from material research. Bone. 2013;55(2):495-500.
49. Ettinger B, Stuenkel CA, Schnatz PF. Menopause practitioner perspective on the American Society of Bone and Mineral Research Task Force report on atypical femoral fracture. Menopause. 2013;20(10):1092-1097.
50. Ettinger B, Sidney S, Cummings SR, Libanati C, Bikle DD, Tekawa IS, Tolan K, Steiger P. Racial differences in bone density between young adult black and white subjects persist after adjustment for anthropometric, lifestyle, and biochemical differences. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997;82(2):429-434.
51. Lo JC, Kim S, Chandra M, Ettinger B. Applying ethnic-specific bone mineral density T-scores to Chinese women in the USA. Osteoporos Int. 2016;27(12):3477-3484.
This text was adapted from Bruce's own writing in a recent NIH grant. Expanded upon by Bruce's familial collaborators Vivian and Kate with a significant contribution from Bruce's mentee, Joan Lo, MD. We would like to acknowledge assistance in "remembering" by Bruce's colleagues: Steve Cummings, Harry K. Genant, Deborah Grady, Robert Marcus, and Wulf Utian.
PUBLICATIONS (current to June 2020)
Bruce Ettinger, M.D. PUBLICATIONS LIST 1970 -2020
1. Ettinger B, Kolb FO. Chlordiazepoxide and cystinuric calculus. JAMA. 1970 Apr 27;212(4):627. PMID: 5467365.
2. Ettinger B, Forsham PH. Mechanism of chlorpropamide antidiuresis in diabetes insipidus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1970 Nov;31(5):552-5. PMID: 4919043.
3. von Werder K, Ettinger B, Thenaers GC, Forsham PH. Plasma testosterone in hirsute women: diagnostic significance of stimulation-suppression tests. Acta Endocrinol Suppl (Copenh). 1971;152:16. PMID: 5313534.
4. Ettinger B, Kolb FO. Factors involved in crystal formation in cystinuria. In vivo and in vitro crystallization dynamics and a simple, quantitative colorimetic assay for cystine. J Urol. 1971 Jul;106(1):106-10. PMID: 5564770.
5. Ettinger B, Von Werder K, Thenaers GC, Forsham PH. Plasma testosterone stimulation-suppression dynamics in hirsute women. Am J Med. 1971 Aug;51(2):170-5. PMID: 4328775.
6. Zweig SM, Ettinger B, Earley LE. Mechanism of antidiuretic action of chlorpropamide in the mammalian kidney. Am J Physiol. 1971 Sep;221(3):911-5. PMID: 5570350.
7. Ettinger B, Goldfield EB, Burrill KC, Von Werder K, Forsham PH. Plasma testosterone stimulation-suppression dynamics in hirsute women. correlation with long-term therapy. Am J Med. 1973 Feb;54(2):195-200. PMID: 4346681.
8. Ettinger B, Kolb FO. Inorganic phosphate treatment of nephrolithiasis. Am J Med. 1973 Jul;55(1):32-7. PMID: 4715930.
9. Ettinger B. Recurrent nephrolithiasis: natural history and effect of phosphate therapy. A double-blind controlled study. Am J Med. 1976 Aug;61(2):200-6. PMID: 782240.
10. Ettinger B, Golditch IM. Medroxyprogesterone acetate for the evaluation of hypertestosteronism in hirsute women. Fertil Steril. 1977 Dec;28(12):1285-8. PMID: 590535.
11. Ettinger B. Recurrence of nephrolithiasis. A six-year prospective study. Am J Med. 1979 Aug;67(2):245-8. PMID: 380337.
12. Ettinger B, Weil E, Mandel NS, Darling S. Triamterene-induced nephrolithiasis. Ann Intern Med. 1979 Nov;91(5):745-6. PMID: 496113.
13. Cann CE, Genant HK, Ettinger B, Gordan GS. Spinal mineral loss in oophorectomized women. Determination by quantitative computed tomography. JAMA. 1980 Nov 7;244(18):2056-9. PMID: 6253692.
14. Ettinger B, Oldroyd NO, Sörgel F. Triamterene nephrolithiasis. JAMA. 1980 Nov 28;244(21):2443-5. PMID: 7431573.
15. Watson RA, Ettinger B, Deshon GE Jr, Agee RE, Oldroyd NO. Triamterene stone: advantage of crystallographic analysis. Urology. 1981 Sep;18(3):238-40. PMID: 6269267.
16. Ettinger B. Calcium oxalate stones. Med Times. 1981; Nov: 65-67.
17. Ettinger B, Oldroyd N, Sorgel F. Renal Calculi in triamterene users. In: Smith LH, Robertson WG, Finlayson B (eds) Urolithiasis: Clinical and Basic Research. Plenum Press, New York London 1981, pp 131-7.
18. Ettinger B. Calcium oxalate stones. Resident and Staff Physician. 1982; Mar: 77-79.
19. Ettinger B, Wingerd J. Thyroid supplements: effect on bone mass. West J Med. 1982 Jun;136(6):473-6. PMID: 7113194; PMCID: PMC1273943.
20. Ettinger B. Risk of kidney stones. JAMA. 1982 Oct 22;248(16):1971. PMID: 7120618.
21. Genant HK, Cann CE, Ettinger B, Gordan GS. Quantitative computed tomography of vertebral spongiosa: a sensitive method for detecting early bone loss after oophorectomy. Ann Intern Med. 1982 Nov;97(5):699-705. PMID: 6291439.
22. Ettinger B, Genant HK, Cann CE. Assessment of vertebral and peripheral bone mineral loss in women after oophorectomy. In: Menczel K, Robin GC, Makin R, Steinberg R (eds) Osteoporosis. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester 1982, pp 436- 40.
23. Genant HJ, Cann C, Ettinger B, Gordon GS, Kolbe FO. Osteoporosis: Assessment by quantitative computerized tomography. Geriatr Med Today 1984; 3:48-71.
24. Cann CE, Genant HK, Kolb FO, Ettinger B. Quantitative computed tomography for prediction of vertebral fracture risk. Bone. 1985;6(1):1-7. PMID: 3994856.
25. Richardson ML, Genant HK, Cann CE, Kolb FO, Ettinger B, Gordan GS. Noninvasive assessment of skeletal mass. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1985;9(3):636-8. PMID: 11540868.
26. Ettinger B, Genant HK, Cann CE. Long-term estrogen replacement therapy prevents bone loss and fractures. Ann Intern Med. 1985 Mar;102(3):319-24. PMID: 2982302.
27. Genant HK, Cann CE, Ettinger B, Gordan GS, Kolb FO, Reiser U, Arnaud CD. Quantitative computed tomography for spinal mineral assessment: current status. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1985 May-Jun;9(3):602-4. PMID: 11536558.
28. Richardson ML, Genant HK, Cann CE, Ettinger B, Gordan GS, Kolb FO, Reiser UJ. Assessment of metabolic bone diseases by quantitative computed tomography. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1985 May;(195):224-38. PMID: 3978956.
29. Ettinger B. Excretion of triamterene and its metabolite in triamterene stone patients. J Clin Pharmacol. 1985 Jul-Aug;25(5):365-8. PMID: 4031113.
30. Genant HK, Ettinger B, Cann CE, Reiser U, Gordan GS, Kolb FO. Osteoporosis: assessment by quantitative computed tomography. Orthop Clin North Am. 1985 Jul;16(3):557-68. Review. PMID: 3892413.
31. Sörgel F, Ettinger B, Benet LZ. The true composition of kidney stones passed during triamterene therapy. J Urol. 1985 Nov;134(5):871-3. PMID: 4057369.
32. Ettinger B, Citron JT, Tang A, Livermore B. Prophylaxis of calcium oxalate stones: clinical trials of allopurinol, magnesium hydroxide and chlorthalidone. In: Schwille PO, Smith LH, Robertson WG, Vahlensieck W (eds) Urolithiasis and Related Clinical Research. Plenum Press, New York 1985, pp 549-52.
33. Sorgel F, Ettinger B, Benet LZ, Schwille PO. Triamterene solubility and metabolism are not causative factors of triamterene lithiasis. ibid, pp 375-8.
34. Ettinger B. Preventing postmenopausal osteoporosis with estrogen replacement therapy. Int J Fertil. 1986;31(3 Suppl [ESTROGEN]):15-20. Review. PMID: 2906335.
35. Richardson ML, Pozzi-Mucelli RS, Kanter AS, Kolb FO, Ettinger B, Genant HK. Bone mineral changes in primary hyperparathyroidism. Skeletal Radiol. 1986;15(2):85-95. PMID: 3961529.
36. Sörgel F, Ettinger B, Benet LZ. Metabolic fate and solubility of triamterene – not an explanation for triamterene nephrolithiasis. J Pharm Sci. 1986 Feb;75(2):129-32. PMID: 3958920.
37. Morledge JH, Ettinger B, Aranda J, McBarron F, Barra P, Gorwit J, Davidov M. Isolated systolic hypertension in the elderly. A placebo-controlled, dose-response evaluation of chlorthalidone. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1986 Mar;34(3):199-206. PMID: 3512670.
38. Reinbold WD, Genant HK, Reiser UJ, Harris ST, Ettinger B. Bone mineral content in early-postmenopausal and postmenopausal osteoporotic women: comparison of measurement methods. Radiology. 1986 Aug;160(2):469-78. PMID: 3726129.
39. Ettinger B, Tang A, Citron JT, Livermore B, Williams T. Randomized trial of allopurinol in the prevention of calcium oxalate calculi. N Engl J Med. 1986 Nov 27;315(22):1386-9. PMID: 3534570.
40. Ettinger B, Genant HK, Cann CE. Bone mineral assessment: a guide for primary care physicians. In: Notelovitz M, van Keep P (eds) The Climacteric in Perspective. MTP Press Limited 1986, pp 95-104.
41. Ettinger B, Genant HK, Cann CE. Postmenopausal bone loss is prevented by treatment with low-dosage estrogen with calcium. Ann Intern Med. 1987 Jan;106(1):40-5. PMID: 3789576.
42. Ettinger B. Overview of the efficacy of hormonal replacement therapy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1987 May;156(5):1298-303. PMID: 3578451.
43. Ettinger B. Update: Estrogen and postmenopausal osteoporosis 1976-1986. Health Values. 1987;11(4):31-36.
44. Genant HK, Ettinger B, Block JE, Steiger P. Diagnosis and assessment of osteoporosis using quantitative computed tomography. Applied Radiol 1987;16:55-64.
45. Genant HK, Steiger P, Block JE, Glueer CC, Ettinger B, Harris ST. Quantitative computed tomography: update 1987. Calcif Tissue Int. 1987 Oct;41(4):179-86. Review. PMID: 3119173.
46. Ettinger B. Estrogen and postmenopausal osteoporosis. AAOHN J. 1987 Dec;35(12):543-6. PMID: 3689503.
47. Ettinger B. Estrogen, progestogen and calcium in the treatment of postmenopausal women. In: Genant HK (ed) Osteoporosis Update 1987. Radiology Research and Education Foundation, San Francisco 1987, pp 253-7.
48. Ettinger B, Block JE, Smith R, Cummings SR, Harris ST, Genant HK. Do vertebral deformities produce physical disabilities? In: Christiansen C, Johansen JS, Riis BJ (eds) Osteoporosis 1987. Osteopress ApS, Copenhagen 1987, pp 53-7.
49. Ettinger B, Genant HK, Cann CE. Low-dosage estrogen combined with calcium prevents postmenopausal bone loss: results of a 3-year study. In: Cohn DV, Martin TJ, Meunier PJ (eds) Calcium Regulation and Bone Metabolism. Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam 1987, pp 918-22.
50. Citron JT, Ettinger B, Genant HK. Prediction of peak premenopausal bone mass using a scale of weighted clinical variables. ibid, pp 146-9.
51. Ettinger B, Citron JT, Livermore B, Dolman LI. Chlorthalidone reduces calcium oxalate calculous recurrence but magnesium hydroxide does not. J Urol. 1988 Apr;139(4):679-84. PMID: 3280829.
52. Ettinger B. Optimal use of postmenopausal hormone replacement. Obstet Gynecol. 1988 Nov;72(5 Suppl):31S-36S. PMID: 3173939.
53. Ettinger B. Prevention of osteoporosis: treatment of estradiol deficiency. Obstet Gynecol. 1988 Nov;72(5 Suppl):12S-17S. PMID: 3173936.
54. Ettinger B, Block JE, Smith R, Cummings SR, Harris ST, Genant HK. An examination of the association between vertebral deformities, physical disabilities and psychosocial problems. Maturitas. 1988 Dec;10(4):283-96. PMID: 2976115.
55. Ettinger B, Golditch IM, Friedman G. Gynecologic consequences of long-term, unopposed estrogen replacement therapy. Maturitas. 1988 Dec;10(4):271-82. PMID: 3226337.
56. Ettinger B. A practical guide to preventing osteoporosis. West J Med. 1988 Dec;149(6):691-5. Review. PMID: 3074564; PMCID: PMC1026615.
57. Genant HK, Ettinger B, Harris ST, Block JE, Steiger P. Quantitative computed tomography in assessment of osteoporosis. In: Riggs BL, Melton III LJ (eds) Osteoporosis: etiology, diagnosis and management. Raven Press, New York 1988, pp 221-49.
58. Ettinger B. Does hyperuricosuria play a role in calcium oxalate lithiasis? J Urol. 1989 Mar;141(3 Pt 2):738-41. Review. PMID: 2645432.
59. Genant HK, Block JE, Steiger P, Glueer CC, Ettinger B, Harris ST. Appropriate use of bone densitometry. Radiology. 1989 Mar;170(3 Pt 1):817-22. PMID: 2916037.
60. Block JE, Smith R, Glueer CC, Steiger P, Ettinger B, Genant HK. Models of spinal trabecular bone loss as determined by quantitative computed tomography. J Bone Miner Res. 1989 Apr;4(2):249-57. PMID: 2728928.
61. Ettinger B, Churchill DN. Medical treatment of urolithiasis: an overview of the theme poster discussion group. In: Walker VR, Sutton RAL, Cameron ECB, Pak CYC, Robertson WG (eds) Urolithiasis. Plenum Press, New York 1989, pp 783-6.
62. Ettinger B, Citron JT. Prevention of recurrent calcium oxalate calculi through use of hydrochlorothiazide combined with amiloride. ibid, pp 789-92.
63. Genant HK, Block JE, Steiger P, Glueer CC, Ettinger B, Harris ST. Appropriate use of bone densitometry. In: Kleerekoper M, Krane S (eds) Clinical Disorders of Bone and Mineral Metabolism. Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., New York 1989, pp 153-61.
64. Steiger P, Block JE, Steiger S, Heuck AF, Friedlander A, Ettinger B, Harris ST, Glüer CC, Genant HK. Spinal bone mineral density measured with quantitative CT: effect of region of interest, vertebral level, and technique. Radiology. 1990 May;175(2):537-43. PMID: 2326479.
65. Cummings SR, Browner WS, Grady D, Ettinger B. Should prescription of postmenopausal hormone therapy be based on the results of bone densitometry? Ann Intern Med. 1990 Oct 15;113(8):565-7. Review. PMID: 2119160.
66. Ettinger B. Hormone replacement therapy and coronary heart disease. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 1990 Dec;17(4):741-57. Review. PMID: 2092240.
67. Genant HK, Block JE, Steiger P, Glueer CC, Ettinger B, Harris ST. Commentary: Appropriate use of bone densitometry. In: Takahashi HE (ed). Nishimura, Smith-Gordon, Japan 1990, pp 398-409.
68. Ross PD, Ettinger B, Davis JW, Melton LJ 3rd, Wasnich RD. Evaluation of adverse health outcomes associated with vertebral fractures. Osteoporos Int. 1991 Jun;1(3):134-40. PMID: 1838705.
69. Ettinger B. Estrogen supplements in menopause. Cleve Clin J Med. 1991 Jul-Aug;58(4):366. PMID: 1889118.
70. Ettinger B. Allopurinol for the treatment of uric acid and calcium calculi. In: Pak CYC (ed) Pharmacologic Treatment of Endocrinopathies. S. Karger AG, Basel 1991, pp 16-36.
71. Ettinger B, Genant HK, Steiger P, Madvig P. Low-dosage micronized 17 beta-estradiol prevents bone loss in postmenopausal women. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1992 Feb;166(2):479-88. PMID: 1536215.
72. Ettinger B, Black DM, Nevitt MC, Rundle AC, Cauley JA, Cummings SR, Genant HK. Contribution of vertebral deformities to chronic back pain and disability. The Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. J Bone Miner Res. 1992 Apr;7(4):449-56. PMID: 1535172.
73. Ettinger B. Role of calcium in preserving the skeletal health of aging women. South Med J. 1992 Aug;85(8):2S22-30. Review. PMID: 1502608.
74. Grady D, Rubin SM, Petitti DB, Fox CS, Black D, Ettinger B, Ernster VL, Cummings SR. Hormone therapy to prevent disease and prolong life in postmenopausal women. Ann Intern Med. 1992 Dec 15;117(12):1016-37. Review. PMID: 1443971.
75. Ettinger B. Benefits of long-term hormone replacement therapy. What is the positive impact on a woman's life? J Surg Gynecol Canada 1992;14(suppl 1):S34-S37.
76. Ettinger B. Thiazide treatment of recurrent calcium stones. In: Drach GW (ed) Common Problems in Urinary Infections and Stones. Mosby-Yearbook, Inc., St. Louis 1992, pp 191-8.
77. Ettinger B, Drinkwater BL. Calcium and exercise- alternatives or adjuncts to estrogen in prevention of osteoporosis. In: Swartz DP (ed) Hormone Replacement in the Ovarian Deficient Woman. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore 1992, pp 79-108.
78. Ettinger B, Genant HK. Calcium enhances the bone-sparing effects of low-dosage estrogen in postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int. 1993;3 Suppl 1:157-8. PMID: 8461547.
79. Ettinger B. An update for the obstetrician-gynecologist on advances in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 1993 Jun;5(3):396-403. Review. PMID: 8329656.
80. Ettinger B, Grady D. The waning effect of postmenopausal estrogen therapy on osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 1993 Oct 14;329(16):1192-3. PMID: 8377785.
81. Ettinger B. Use of low-dosage 17 beta-estradiol for the prevention of osteoporosis. Clin Ther. 1993 Nov-Dec;15(6):950-62; discussion 949. Review. PMID: 8111815.
82. Ettinger B, Selby JV, Citron JT, Ettinger VM, Zhang D. Gynecologic complications of cyclic estrogen progestin therapy. Maturitas. 1993 Nov;17(3):197-204. PMID: 8133794.
83. Ettinger B, Black DM, Palermo L, Nevitt MC, Melnikoff S, Cummings SR. Kyphosis in older women and its relation to back pain, disability and osteopenia: the study of osteoporotic fractures. Osteoporos Int. 1994 Jan;4(1):55-60. PMID: 8148573.
84. Ettinger B. Postmenopausal osteoporosis. Curr Ther Endocrinol Metab. 1994;5:596-600. PMID: 7704802.
85. Hall V, Petitti DB, Ettinger B, Quesenberry C. Does Estrogen Replacement Therapy Prevent Height Loss? Menopause. 1994 Apr;1(1):3-10.
86. Ettinger B, Grady D. Maximizing the Benefit of Estrogen Therapy for Prevention of Osteoporosis. Menopause. 1994 Apr;1(1):19-24.
87. Ettinger B, Selby J, Citron JT, Vangessel A, Ettinger VM, Hendrickson MR. Cyclic hormone replacement therapy using quarterly progestin. Obstet Gynecol. 1994 May;83(5 Pt 1):693-700. PMID: 8164927.
88. Ettinger B. Postmenopausal osteoporosis. In: Bardin CW (ed) Current Therapy in Endocrinology and Metabolism, 5th edition. Mosby-Year Book, Inc., St. Louis 1994, pp 596-600.
89. Ettinger B. Treatment versus prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis. In: Bagdade JD (ed) The Year Book of Endocrinology, Mosby-Year Book, Inc., St. Louis 1994, pp xxiii-xxviii.
90. Citron JT, Ettinger B, Genant HK. Spinal bone mineral loss in estrogen-replete, calcium-replete premenopausal women. Osteoporos Int. 1995;5(4):228-33. PMID: 7492860.
91. Maxim P, Ettinger B, Spitalny GM. Fracture protection provided by long-term estrogen treatment. Osteoporos Int. 1995 Jan;5(1):23-9. PMID: 7703620.
92. Cauley JA, Seeley DG, Ensrud K, Ettinger B, Black D, Cummings SR. Estrogen replacement therapy and fractures in older women. Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. Ann Intern Med. 1995 Jan 1;122(1):9-16. PMID: 7985914.
93. Ettinger B. The Parathyroids. Basic and Clinical Concepts [Book Review]. The Endocrinologist 1995 November;5(6):438-40.
94. Ettinger B, Insognia K. Nephrolithiasis. In: Baxter JD (ed) Endocrinology and Metabolism, 3rd edition. Mc Graw-Hill, New York 1995, pp1565-1615.
95. Ettinger B, Cooper C. Clinical assessment of osteoporotic fractures. In: Genant HK, Jergas M, Van Kuijk C (eds) Vertebral fracture in osteoporosis. Radiology Research and Education Foundation, San Francisco 1995, pp 15-20.
96. Ettinger B, Friedman GD, Bush T, Quesenberry CP Jr. Reduced mortality associated with long-term postmenopausal estrogen therapy. Obstet Gynecol. 1996 Jan;87(1):6-12. PMID: 8532268.
97. Waller K, Reim J, Fenster L, Swan SH, Brumback B, Windham GC, Lasley B, Ettinger B, Marcus R. Bone mass and subtle abnormalities in ovulatory function in healthy women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996 Feb;81(2):663-8. PMID: 8636286.
98. Lin MJ, Hoke C, Ettinger B, Coyne RV. Technical performance evaluation of BM/Hitachi 747-200 serum fructosamine assay. Clin Chem. 1996 Feb;42(2):244-8. PMID: 8595718.
99. Citron JT, Ettinger B, Rubinoff H, Ettinger VM, Minkoff J, Hom F, Kan P, Alloo R. Prevalence of hypothalamic-pituitary imaging abnormalities in impotent men with secondary hypogonadism. J Urol. 1996 Feb;155(2):529-33. PMID: 8558653.
100. Hiatt RA, Ettinger B, Caan B, Quesenberry CP Jr, Duncan D, Citron JT. Randomized controlled trial of a low animal protein, high fiber diet in the prevention of recurrent calcium oxalate kidney stones. Am J Epidemiol. 1996 Jul 1;144(1):25-33. PMID: 8659482.
101. Lobo RA, Ettinger B, Hutchinson KA, Knopp RH, Lindsay R, Nachtigall LE, Santoro N, Studd J. Estrogen replacement. The evolving role of transdermal delivery. J Reprod Med. 1996 Oct;41(10 Suppl):781-96. Review. PMID: 8913986.
102. Ettinger B, Miller P, McClung MR. Use of bone densitometry results for decisions about therapy for osteoporosis. Ann Intern Med. 1996 Oct 1;125(7):623. PMID: 8815769
103. Ettinger B, Li DK, Klein R. Continuation of postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy: Comparison of cyclic versus continuous combined schedules. Menopause. 3(4):185-189, 1996.
104. Ettinger B. Four bleeds a year. Is it sensible? Menopause Digest: 1996;2:6-7.
105. Ettinger B. Hyperuricosuric calcium stone disease and mixed stones. In: Coe FL, Favus MJ, Pak CYC, Parks JH, Preminger GM (eds) Kidney Stones: Medical and Surgical Management. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia 1996, pp 851-8.
106. Ettinger B, Bainton L, Upmalis DH, Citron JT, VanGessel A. Comparison of endometrial growth produced by unopposed conjugated estrogens or by micronized estradiol in postmenopausal women. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1997 Jan;176(1 Pt 1):112-7. PMID: 9024100.
107. Ettinger B. Postmenopausal osteoporosis. Curr Ther Endocrinol Metab. 1997;6:639-44. Review. PMID: 9174822.
108. Ettinger B, Sidney S, Cummings SR, Libanati C, Bikle DD, Tekawa IS, Tolan K, Steiger P. Racial differences in bone density between young adult black and white subjects persist after adjustment for anthropometric, lifestyle, and biochemical differences. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997 Feb;82(2):429-34. PMID: 9024231.
109. Ettinger B, Quesenberry C, Schroeder DA, Friedman G. Long-term postmenopausal estrogen therapy may be associated with increased risk of breast cancer: A cohort study. Menopause. 1997;4(3):125-129.
110. Ensrud KE, Black DM, Harris F, Ettinger B, Cummings SR. Correlates of kyphosis in older women. The Fracture Intervention Trial Research Group. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1997 Jun;45(6):682-7. PMID: 9180660.
111. Bauer DC, Nevitt MC, Ettinger B, Stone K. Low thyrotropin levels are not associated with bone loss in older women: a prospective study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997 Sep;82(9):2931-6. PMID: 9284722.
112. Ettinger B. Guidelines for established osteoporosis treatment. Menopause Manag 1997; Sept/Oct:6-9.
113. Ettinger B, Pak CY, Citron JT, Thomas C, Adams-Huet B, Vangessel A. Potassium-magnesium citrate is an effective prophylaxis against recurrent calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis. J Urol. 1997 Dec;158(6):2069-73. PMID: 9366314.
114. Hirata JD, Swiersz LM, Zell B, Small R, Ettinger B. Does dong quai have estrogenic effects in postmenopausal women? A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Fertil Steril. 1997 Dec;68(6):981-6. PMID: 9418683.
115. Ettinger B. Postmenopausal osteoporosis. In: Kassirer JP, Greene HL II (eds) Current Therapy in Adult Medicine. Mosby, St. Louis 1997, pp 1238-43.
116. Ettinger B. Osteoporosis and the perimenopausal woman. In: Lobo RA (ed) Serono Symposia USA. Perimenpause. Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., New York 1997, pp 202-9.
117. Ettinger B. Overview of estrogen replacement therapy: a historical perspective. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1998 Jan;217(1):2-5. Review. PMID: 9421200.
118. Kaufert P, Boggs PP, Ettinger B, Woods NF, Utian WH. Women and menopause: beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors. The North American Menopause Society 1997 Menopause Survey. Menopause. 1998 Winter;5(4):197-202. PMID: 9872483.
119. Ettinger B. Treatment versus prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis [Editorial]. Israel J Obstet Gynecol 1998;9:31-2.
120. Chang J, Hoke C, Ettinger B, Penerian G. Evaluation and interference study of hemoglobin A1c measured by turbidimetric inhibition immunoassay. Am J Clin Pathol. 1998 Mar;109(3):274-8. PMID: 9495198.
121. Ettinger B. Maintaining skeletal health among postmenopausal women. Am J Manag Care. 1998 Mar;4(3):387-96. PMID: 20919444.
122. Ettinger B, Fireman B. Estrogen-androgen hepatotoxicity? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1998 Mar;178(3):627-8. PMID: 9539547.
123. Ettinger B. SERMs in clinical practice: pieces of the puzzle. Menopause Manag 1998; March/April:6-13.
124. Hom FG, Ettinger B, Lin MJ. Comparison of serum fructosamine vs glycohemoglobin as measures of glycemic control in a large diabetic population. Acta Diabetol. 1998 Apr;35(1):48-51. PMID: 9625289.
125. Ettinger B, Li DK, Klein R. Unexpected vaginal bleeding and associated gynecologic care in postmenopausal women using hormone replacement therapy: comparison of cyclic versus continuous combined schedules. Fertil Steril. 1998 May;69(5):865-9. PMID: 9591494.
126. Yaffe K, Ettinger B, Pressman A, Seeley D, Whooley M, Schaefer C, Cummings S. Neuropsychiatric function and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate in elderly women: a prospective study. Biol Psychiatry. 1998 May 1;43(9):694-700. PMID: 9583004.
127. Lin MJ, Hoke C, Ettinger B. Evaluation of homogeneous high-density lipoprotein cholesterol assay on a BM/Hitachi 747-200 analyzer. Clin Chem. 1998 May;44(5):1050-2. PMID: 9590383.
128. Nevitt MC, Ettinger B, Black DM, Stone K, Jamal SA, Ensrud K, Segal M, Genant HK, Cummings SR. The association of radiographically detected vertebral fractures with back pain and function: a prospective study. Ann Intern Med. 1998 May 15;128(10):793-800. PMID: 9599190.
129. Rappleye WC, Bachmann GA, Ettinger B, Santoro NF, Shoupe D. Current clinical uses of low-dose estrogen therapy. Contemp Ob Gyn 1998 May; Supplement:4-29.
130. Bauer DC, Ettinger B, Browner WS. Thyroid functions and serum lipids in older women: a population-based study. Am J Med. 1998 Jun;104(6):546-51. PMID: 9674717.
131. Ettinger B, Pressman A, Sklarin P, Bauer DC, Cauley JA, Cummings SR. Associations Between Low Levels of Serum Estradiol, Bone Density, and Fractures Among Elderly Women: The Study of Osteoporotic Fractures. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998 Jul;83(7):2239-43. PMID: 9661589.
132. Cummings SR, Browner WS, Bauer D, Stone K, Ensrud K, Jamal S, Ettinger B. Endogenous hormones and the risk of hip and vertebral fractures among older women. Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. N Engl J Med. 1998 Sep 10;339(11):733-8. PMID: 9731089.
133. Ettinger B, Pressman A, Schein J, Chan J, Silver P, Connolly N. Alendronate use among 812 women: prevalence of gastrointestinal complaints, noncompliance with patient instructions and discontinuation. J Managed Care Pharmacy 1998 Sep/Oct;4(5):488-92.
134. Ettinger B, Pressman A, Schein J. Clinic visits and hospital admissions for care of acid-related upper gastrointestinal disorders in women using alendronate for osteoporosis. Am J Manag Care. 1998 Oct;4(10):1377-82. PMID: 10338731.
135. Ettinger B, Pressman A, Bradley C. Comparison of continuation of postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy: transdermal versus oral estrogen. Menopause. 1998 Fall;5(3):152-6. PMID: 9774760.
136. Ettinger B, Pressman A, Silver P. Effect of age on reasons for initiation and discontinuation of hormone replacement therapy. Menopause. 1999 Winter;6(4):282-9. PMID: 10614674.
137. Selby JV, Ettinger B, Swain BE, Brown JB. First 20 months' experience with use of metformin for type 2 diabetes in a large health maintenance organization. Diabetes Care. 1999 Jan;22(1):38-44. PMID: 10333901.
138. Ettinger B. Should ERT be prescribed to women who have had breast cancer? Contemp Ob Gyn 1999:44:41-55
139. Gabriel SE, Kneeland TS, Melton LJ 3rd, Moncur MM, Ettinger B, Tosteson AN. Health-related quality of life in economic evaluations for osteoporosis: whose values should we use? Med Decis Making. 1999 Apr-Jun;19(2):141-8. PMID: 10231076.
140. Sidney S, Lewis CE, Hill JO, Quesenberry CP Jr, Stamm ER, Scherzinger A, Tolan K, Ettinger B. Association of total and central adiposity measures with fasting insulin in a biracial population of young adults with normal glucose tolerance: the CARDIA study. Obes Res. 1999 May;7(3):265-72. PMID: 10348497.
141. Ettinger B. Ipriflavone for osteoporosis prevention and treatment: A spring of 1999 update. Menopause Manag 1999;8:12-27.
142. Bikle DD, Ettinger B, Sidney S, Tekawa IS, Tolan K. Differences in calcium metabolism between black and white men and women. Miner Electrolyte Metab. 1999 May-Jun;25(3):178-84. PMID: 10436403.
143. Ettinger B, Pressman A. Continuation of postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy in a large health maintenance organization: transdermal matrix patch versus oral estrogen therapy. Am J Manag Care. 1999 Jun;5(6):779-85. PMID: 10538456.
144. Ettinger B. Hyperuricosuria and calcium oxalate lithiasis: A critical review and future outlook. In: Borghi L, Meschi T, Briganti A, Schianchi T, Novarini A (eds) Kidney Stones (Proceedings of the 8th European Symposium on Urolithiasis). Editoriale Bios, Parma Italy 1999: pp 51-7.
145. Ettinger B, Black DM, Mitlak BH, Knickerbocker RK, Nickelsen T, Genant HK, Christiansen C, Delmas PD, Zanchetta JR, Stakkestad J, Glüer CC, Krueger K, Cohen FJ, Eckert S, Ensrud KE, Avioli LV, Lips P, Cummings SR. Reduction of vertebral fracture risk in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis treated with raloxifene: results from a 3-year randomized clinical trial. Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation (MORE) Investigators. JAMA. 1999 Aug 18;282(7):637-45. PMID: 10517716.
146. Barbieri RL, Ettinger B, Ettinger KM. Should all women over 60 be screened for BMD? Contemp Ob Gyn 1999;44(9):83-100.
147. Ettinger B. Personal perspective on low-dosage estrogen therapy for postmenopausal women. Menopause. 1999 Fall;6(3):273-6. Review. PMID: 10486799.
148. Ettinger B. Meeting the evolving therapeutic needs of postmenopausal women. J Bone Miner Metab. 2000;18(5):299-304. PMID: 10959621.
149. Genant HK, Cann CE, Ettinger B, Gordan GS. Quantitative computed tomography of vertebral spongiosa: a sensitive method for detecting early bone loss after oophorectomy. 1982. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2000 Mar;(372):3-8. PMID: 10738409.
150. Tosteson AN, Gabriel SE, Kneeland TS, Moncur MM, Manganiello PD, Schiff I, Ettinger B, Melton LJ 3rd. Has the impact of hormone replacement therapy on health-related quality of life been undervalued? J Womens Health Gend Based Med. 2000 Mar;9(2):119-30. PMID: 10746515.
151. Zell B, Hirata J, Marcus A, Ettinger B, Pressman A, Ettinger KM. Diagnosis of symptomatic postmenopausal women by traditional Chinese medicine practitioners. Menopause. 2000 Mar-Apr;7(2):129-34. PMID: 10746896.
152. Ettinger B, Woods NF, Barrett-Connor E, Pressman A. The North American Menopause Society 1998 menopause survey: Part II. Counseling about hormone replacement therapy: association with socioeconomic status and access to medical care. Menopause. 2000 May-Jun;7(3):143-8. PMID: 10810958.
153. Ettinger B. Long-term compliance with estrogen replacement therapy in surgical postmenopausal women: benefits to bone and analysis of factors associated with discontinuation. Menopause. 2000 Nov-Dec;7(6):417-8. PMID: 11127765.
154. Ettinger B. Sequential osteoporosis treatment for women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. Menopausal Medicine 2000;8:1-4.
155. Birge SF, Cosman F, Ettinger B. Raloxifene FAQs: Perspectives on the first approved SERM–Where are we now? Part 1. Menopause Manag 2001;10(1):16-25.
156. Birge SF, Cosman F, Ettinger B. Raloxifene FAQs: Perspectives on the first approved SERM –Where are we now? Part 2. Menopause Manag 2001;10(2):21-29.
157. Bauer DC, Ettinger B, Nevitt MC, Stone KL. Risk for fracture in women with low serum levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone. Ann Intern Med. 2001 Apr 3;134(7):561-8. PMID: 12803168.
158. Pressman A, Forsyth B, Ettinger B, Tosteson AN. Initiation of osteoporosis treatment after bone mineral density testing. Osteoporos Int. 2001;12(5):337-42. PMID: 11444079.
159. Ettinger B, Pressman A., Shah,H. Who bears responsibility for glucocorticoid-exposed patients in a large health maintenance organization? J Manag Care Pharm. 2001 May/June;7(3):228-32.
160. Ettinger B, Chidambaran P, Pressman A. Prevalence and determinants of osteoporosis drug prescription among patients with high exposure to glucocorticoid drugs. Am J Manag Care. 2001 Jun;7(6):597-605. PMID: 11439733.
161. Small R, Friedman GD, Ettinger B. Concomitant medication use in postmenopausal women using estrogen therapy. Menopause. 2001 Summer;8(2):120-6. PMID: 11256872.
162. Ettinger B, Pressman A, Van Gessel A. Low-dosage esterified estrogens opposed by progestin at 6-month intervals. Obstet Gynecol. 2001 Aug;98(2):205-11. PMID: 11506834.
163. Kayser J, Ettinger B, Pressman A. Postmenopausal hormonal support: discontinuation of raloxifene versus estrogen. Menopause. 2001 Sep-Oct;8(5):328-32. PMID: 11528358.
164. Figueroa-Casas PR, Ettinger B, Delgado E, Javkin A, Vieder C. Reversal by medical treatment of endometrial hyperplasia caused by estrogen replacement therapy. Menopause. 2001 Nov-Dec;8(6):420-3. Review. PMID: 11723414.
165. Cauley JA, Zmuda JM, Ensrud KE, Bauer DC, Ettinger B. Timing of estrogen replacement therapy for optimal osteoporosis prevention. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Dec;86(12):5700-5. PMID: 11739424.
166. Ettinger B. Nephrolithiasis. In: Felig P, Frohman L (eds) Endocrinology & Metabolism, McGraw-Hill, New York 2001, pp 1221-61.
167. Ettinger B, Bilezikian JP. For osteoporosis, are two antiresorptive drugs better than one? J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Mar;87(3):983-4. PMID: 11889148.
168. Donahue JG, Chan KA, Andrade SE, Beck A, Boles M, Buist DS, Carey VJ, Chandler JM, Chase GA, Ettinger B, Fishman P, Goodman M, Guess HA, Gurwitz JH, LaCroix AZ, Levin TR, Platt R. Gastric and duodenal safety of daily alendronate. Arch Intern Med. 2002 Apr 22;162(8):936-42. PMID: 11966346.
169. Finkelstein JS, Lee ML, Sowers M, Ettinger B, Neer RM, Kelsey JL, Cauley JA, Huang MH, Greendale GA. Ethnic variation in bone density in premenopausal and early perimenopausal women: effects of anthropometric and lifestyle factors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Jul;87(7):3057-67. PMID: 12107201.
170. Finkelstein JS, Sowers M, Greendale GA, Lee ML, Neer RM, Cauley JA, Ettinger B. Ethnic variation in bone turnover in pre- and early perimenopausal women: effects of anthropometric and lifestyle factors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Jul;87(7):3051-6. PMID: 12107200.
171. Cobb KL, Kelsey JL, Sidney S, Ettinger B, Lewis CE. Oral contraceptives and bone mineral density in white and black women in CARDIA. Coronary Risk Development in Young Adults. Osteoporos Int. 2002 Nov;13(11):893-900. PMID: 12415437.
172. Sowers MR, Finkelstein JS, Ettinger B, Bondarenko I, Neer RM, Cauley JA, Sherman S, Greendale GA. The association of endogenous hormone concentrations and bone mineral density measures in pre- and perimenopausal women of four ethnic groups: SWAN. Osteoporos Int. 2003 Jan;14(1):44-52. PMID: 12577184.
173. Van Den Eeden SK, Barzilay JI, Ettinger B, Minkoff J. Thyroid hormone use and the risk of hip fracture in women > or = 65 years: a case-control study. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2003 Jan-Feb;12(1):27-31. PMID: 12639366.
174. Sowers MR, Greendale GA, Bondarenko I, Finkelstein JS, Cauley JA, Neer RM, Ettinger B. Endogenous hormones and bone turnover markers in pre- and perimenopausal women: SWAN. Osteoporos Int. 2003 May;14(3):191-7. PMID: 12730778.
175. Tice JA, Ettinger B, Ensrud K, Wallace R, Blackwell T, Cummings SR. Phytoestrogen supplements for the treatment of hot flashes: the Isoflavone Clover Extract (ICE) Study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2003 Jul 9;290(2):207-14. PMID: 12851275.
176. Tosteson AN, Grove MR, Hammond CS, Moncur MM, Ray GT, Hebert GM, Pressman AR, Ettinger B. Early discontinuation of treatment for osteoporosis. Am J Med. 2003 Aug 15;115(3):209-16. PMID: 12947959.
177. Ettinger B, Grady D, Tosteson AN, Pressman A, Macer JL. Effect of the Women's Health Initiative on women's decisions to discontinue postmenopausal hormone therapy. Obstet Gynecol. 2003 Dec;102(6):1225-32. PMID: 14662208
178. Grady D, Ettinger B, Tosteson AN, Pressman A, Macer JL. Predictors of difficulty when discontinuing postmenopausal hormone therapy. Obstet Gynecol. 2003 Dec;102(6):1233-9. PMID: 14662209.
179. Ettinger B, Ray GT, Pressman AR, Gluck O. Limb fractures in elderly men as indicators of subsequent fracture risk. Arch Intern Med. 2003 Dec 8-22;163(22):2741-7. PMID: 14662628.
180. Ettinger B, San Martin J, Crans G, Pavo I. Differential effects of teriparatide on BMD after treatment with raloxifene or alendronate. J Bone Miner Res. 2004 May;19(5):745-51. PMID: 15068497.
181. Schult TM, Ensrud KE, Blackwell T, Ettinger B, Wallace R, Tice JA. Effect of isoflavones on lipids and bone turnover markers in menopausal women. Maturitas. 2004 Jul 15;48(3):209-18. PMID: 15207886.
182. Ettinger B, Ensrud KE, Wallace R, Johnson KC, Cummings SR, Yankov V, Vittinghoff E, Grady D. Effects of ultralow-dose transdermal estradiol on bone mineral density: a randomized clinical trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2004 Sep;104(3):443-51. PMID: 15339752.
183. Grady D, Ettinger B, Moscarelli E, Plouffe L Jr, Sarkar S, Ciaccia A, Cummings S. Safety and adverse effects associated with raloxifene: multiple outcomes of raloxifene evaluation. Obstet Gynecol. 2004 Oct;104(4):837-44. PMID: 15458908.
184. Che M, Ettinger B, Johnston J, Pressman A, Liang J. Fragile fracture care management program. Perm J. 2005 Winter;9(1):13-5. PMID: 21687474; PMCID: PMC3108403.
185. Ettinger B, Hillier TA, Pressman A, Che M, Hanley DA. Simple computer model for calculating and reporting 5-year osteoporotic fracture risk in postmenopausal women. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2005 Mar;14(2):159-71. PMID: 15775734.
186. Johnson SR, Ettinger B, Macer JL, Ensrud KE, Quan J, Grady D. Uterine and vaginal effects of unopposed ultralow-dose transdermal estradiol. Obstet Gynecol. 2005 Apr;105(4):779-87. PMID: 15802405.
187. Ettinger B. Bisphosphonates: providing strength to a significant class. Manag Care. 2005 May;14(5 Suppl):24-8. PMID: 15962834.
188. Ettinger B. Appropriate intervention through fracture risk assessment. Manag Care. 2005 Aug;14(8 Suppl Osteoporosis):9-12; discussion 21-3. PMID: 18564556.
189. Ettinger B. Making the most of managed care dollars spent for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Manag Care Interface. 2005 Dec;18(12):55-9. PMID: 16405226.
190. Ettinger B. Vasomotor symptom relief versus unwanted effects: role of estrogen dosage. Am J Med. 2005 Dec 19;118 Suppl 12B:74-8. PMID: 16414330.
191. Genant HK, Cann CE, Ettinger B, Gordan GS. The Classic: Quantitative computed tomography of vertebral spongiosa: a sensitive method for detecting early bone loss after oophorectomy. 1982. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2006 Feb;443:14-8. PMID: 16462420.
192. Habel LA, Pressman A, Ettinger B, Sidney S, Suh-Burgmann B, Fehrenbacher L, Quesenberry CP. Use of raloxifene among women with a history of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2006 Mar;96(2):123-9. PMID: 16319985.
193. Che M, Ettinger B, Liang J, Pressman AR, Johnston J. Outcomes of a disease-management program for patients with recent osteoporotic fracture. Osteoporos Int. 2006;17(6):847-54. PMID: 16570119.
194. Sowers MR, Jannausch M, McConnell D, Little R, Greendale GA, Finkelstein JS, Neer RM, Johnston J, Ettinger B. Hormone predictors of bone mineral density changes during the menopausal transition. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Apr;91(4):1261-7. PMID: 16403818.
195. Lo JC, Pressman AR, Omar MA, Ettinger B. Persistence with weekly alendronate therapy among postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int. 2006;17(6):922-8. PubMed PMID: 16609824.
196. Ettinger B, Barrett-Connor E, Hoq LA, Vader JP, Dubois RW. When is it appropriate to prescribe postmenopausal hormone therapy? Menopause. 2006 May-Jun;13(3):404-10. PMID: 16735937.
197. Lee JS, Ettinger B, Stanczyk FZ, Vittinghoff E, Hanes V, Cauley JA, Chandler W, Settlage J, Beattie MS, Folkerd E, Dowsett M, Grady D, Cummings SR. Comparison of methods to measure low serum estradiol levels in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Oct;91(10):3791-7. PMID: 16882749.
198. Che M, Ettinger B, Nguyen MT, Pressman AR, Johnston J. High-dose corticosteroid exposure and osteoporosis intervention in adults. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2006 Oct;97(4):497-501. PMID: 17069105.
199. Ettinger B. Tailoring progestogen in hormone therapy. Menopause Manag 2006;15(suppl 1):25-8.
200. Ettinger B. Tibolone for prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Maturitas. 2007 May 20;57(1):35-8. Review. PMID: 17350774.
201. Ettinger B. Rationale for use of lower estrogen doses for postmenopausal hormone therapy. Maturitas. 2007 May 20;57(1):81-4. Review. PMID: 17383126.
202. Earnshaw SR, Graham CN, Ettinger B, Amonkar MM, Lynch NO, Middelhoven H. Cost-effectiveness of bisphosphonate therapies for women with postmenopausal osteoporosis: implications of improved persistence with less frequently administered oral bisphosphonates. Curr Med Res Opin. 2007 Oct;23(10):2517-29. PMID: 17825128.
203. Huang AJ, Ettinger B, Vittinghoff E, Ensrud KE, Johnson KC, Cummings SR. Endogenous estrogen levels and the effects of ultra-low-dose transdermal estradiol therapy on bone turnover and BMD in postmenopausal women. J Bone Miner Res. 2007 Nov;22(11):1791-7. PMID: 17620054.
204. Finkelstein JS, Brockwell SE, Mehta V, Greendale GA, Sowers MR, Ettinger B, Lo JC, Johnston JM, Cauley JA, Danielson ME, Neer RM. Bone mineral density changes during the menopause transition in a multiethnic cohort of women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Mar;93(3):861-8. PMID: 18160467; PMCID: PMC2266953.
205. Cummings SR, Ettinger B, Delmas PD, Kenemans P, Stathopoulos V, Verweij P, Mol-Arts M, Kloosterboer L, Mosca L, Christiansen C, Bilezikian J, Kerzberg EM, Johnson S, Zanchetta J, Grobbee DE, Seifert W, Eastell R. The effects of tibolone in older postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med. 2008 Aug 14;359(7):697-708. PMID: 18703472; PMCID: PMC3684062.
206. Ettinger B, Kenemans P, Johnson SR, Mol-Arts M, Van Os S, Seifert W, Verweij PJ, Cummings SR. Endometrial effects of tibolone in elderly, osteoporotic women. Obstet Gynecol. 2008 Sep;112(3):653-9. PMID: 18757665.
207. Ettinger B. A personal perspective on fracture risk assessment tools. Menopause. 2008 Sep-Oct;15(5):1023-6. PMID: 18703988.
208. Ettinger B, Hait H, Reape KZ, Shu H. Measuring symptom relief in studies of vaginal and vulvar atrophy: the most bothersome symptom approach. Menopause. 2008 Sep-Oct;15(5):885-9. PMID: 18779677.
209. Kuhl LN, Ettinger B, Rosen CJ, Col NF. Questioning the accuracy of a recent review of osteoporosis medications. Ann Intern Med. 2009 Mar 17;150(6):423-4; author reply 424-5. PMID: 19293078.
210. Watts NB, Ettinger B, LeBoff MS. FRAX facts. J Bone Miner Res. 2009 Jun;24(6):975-9. PMID: 19364271.
211. Ettinger B, Ettinger KM. FRAX: Using the new fracture risk assessment tool. Contemp Ob Gyn 2009 July; 54(7):22-28.
212. Ettinger B, Black DM, Dawson-Hughes B, Pressman AR, Melton LJ 3rd. Updated fracture incidence rates for the US version of FRAX. Osteoporos Int. 2010 Jan;21(1):25-33. PMID: 19705048; PMCID: PMC2788143.
213. Lo JC, Pressman AR, Chandra M, Ettinger B. Fracture risk tool validation in an integrated healthcare delivery system. Am J Manag Care. 2011 Mar;17(3):188-94. PMID: 21504255.
214. Pressman AR, Lo JC, Chandra M, Ettinger B. Methods for assessing fracture risk prediction models: experience with FRAX in a large integrated health care delivery system. J Clin Densitom. 2011 Oct-Dec;14(4):407-15. PMID: 21958955.
215. Huang SY, Grimsrud CD, Provus J, Hararah M, Chandra M, Ettinger B, Lo JC. The impact of subtrochanteric fracture criteria on hip fracture classification. Osteoporos Int. 2012 Feb;23(2):743-50. PMID: 21562878.
216. Ettinger B, Wang SM, Leslie RS, Patel BV, Boulware MJ, Mann ME, McBride M. Evolution of postmenopausal hormone therapy between 2002 and 2009. Menopause. 2012 Jun;19(6):610-5. PMID: 22207318.
217. Lo JC, Huang SY, Lee GA, Khandelwal S, Provus J, Ettinger B, Gonzalez JR, Hui RL, Grimsrud CD. Clinical correlates of atypical femoral fracture. Bone. 2012 Jul;51(1):181-4. PMID: 22414379.
218. Ettinger B, Liu H, Blackwell T, Hoffman AR, Ensrud KE, Orwoll ES. Validation of FRC, a fracture risk assessment tool, in a cohort of older men: the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Study. J Clin Densitom. 2012 Jul-Sep;15(3):334-42. PMID: 22445858; PMCID: PMC3387516.
219. Sobel EM, Ettinger B, Lo JC, Pressman AR. Application of new method for evaluating performance of fracture risk tool. Am J Manag Care. 2012 Oct 1;18(10):e398. PMID: 23145848.
220. Ettinger B, Ensrud KE, Blackwell T, Curtis JR, Lapidus JA, Orwoll ES. Performance of FRAX in a cohort of community-dwelling, ambulatory older men: the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) study. Osteoporos Int. 2013 Apr;24(4):1185-93. PMID: 23179575; PMCID: PMC3767034.
221. Ettinger B, Burr DB, Ritchie RO. Proposed pathogenesis for atypical femoral fractures: lessons from materials research. Bone. 2013 Aug;55(2):495-500. PMID: 23419776.
222. Ettinger B, Stuenkel CA, Schnatz PF. Menopause practitioner perspective on the American Society of Bone and Mineral Research Task Force report on atypical femoral fracture. Menopause. 2013 Oct;20(10):1092-7. PMID: 24048261.
223. Ettinger B, Lee JS. Chapter: New physiologic approach to prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis. In: Genazzani A (ed) Postmenopausal Osteoporosis: Hormones and other therapies. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton 2013, pp 193-202.
224. Steunkel CA, Ettinger B. Who should be treated: who should be screened? Chapter 69. In: Marcus R, Feldman D, Dempster DW, Luckey M, Cauley JA (eds) Osteoporosis, Fourth Edition. Academic Press, Waltham 2013, pp 1535-1550.
225. Lo JC, Zheng P, Grimsrud CD, Chandra M, Ettinger B, Budayr A, Lau G, Baur MM, Hui RL, Neugebauer R. Racial/ethnic differences in hip and diaphyseal femur fractures. Osteoporos Int. 2014 Sep;25(9):2313-8. PMID: 24964891.
226. Lo JC, Hui RL, Grimsrud CD, Chandra M, Neugebauer RS, Gonzalez JR, Budayr A, Lau G, Ettinger B. The association of race/ethnicity and risk of atypical femur fracture among older women receiving oral bisphosphonate therapy. Bone. 2016 Apr;85:142-7. PMID: 26769007; PMCID: PMC5108728.
227. Lo JC, Kim S, Chandra M, Ettinger B. Applying ethnic-specific bone mineral density T-scores to Chinese women in the USA. Osteoporos Int. 2016 Dec;27(12):3477-3484. PMID: 27468900.
228. Lee DR, Ettinger B, Chandra M, Hui RL, Lo JC. Changing patterns in oral bisphosphonate initiation in women between 2004 and 2012. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2017 Mar;65(3):656-658. PMID: 28152162; PMCID:PMC5357157.
229. Hui RL, Adams AL, Niu F, Ettinger B, Yi DK, Chandra M, Lo JC. Predicting adherence and persistence with oral bisphosphonate therapy in an integrated health care delivery system. J Manag Care Spec Pharm. 2017 Apr;23(4):503-512. PMID: 28345435; PMCID: PMC5641482.
230. Hosein RJ, Lo JC, Ettinger B, Li BH, Niu F, Hui RL, Adams AL. Trends in bisphosphonate initiation within an integrated healthcare delivery system. Am J Manag Care. 2017 Dec 1;23(12):e421-e422. PMID: 29261250.
231. Ettinger B, Wang SM, Leslie RS, Patel BV, Boulware MJ, Mann ME, McBride M. Evolution of postmenopausal hormone therapy between 2002 and 2009. Menopause. 2018 Nov;25(11):1306-1312. PMID: 30358727.
232. Ettinger B, Quesenberry C, Schroeder DA, Friedman G. Long-term postmenopausal estrogen therapy may be associated with increased risk of breast cancer: a cohort study. Menopause. 2018 Nov;25(11):1191-1194. PMID: 30358712.
233. Ettinger B, Li DK, Klein R. Continuation of postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy: comparison of cyclic versus continuous combined schedules. Menopause. 2018 Nov;25(11):1187-1190. PMID: 30358711.
234. Izano MA, Neugebauer R, Ettinger B, Hui R, Chandra M, Adams AL, Niu F, Ott SM, Lo JC. Using pharmacy data and adherence to define long-term bisphosphonate exposure in women. J Manag Care Spec Pharm. 2019 Jun;25(6):719-723. PMID: 31134854.
235. Juergens N, Ettinger B, Hui R, Chandra M, Lo JC. Secular trends in long-term oral bisphosphonate use. J Gen Intern Med. 2019 Aug;34(8):1383-1384. PMID: 31011979; PMCID: PMC6667586.
236. Li CF, Ettinger B, Chandra M, Lo JC. Vitamin D status among older women initiating osteoporosis therapy. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2019 Oct;67(10):2207-2208. PMID: 31441499.
237. Lo JC, Grimsrud CD, Ott SM, Chandra M, Hui RL, Ettinger B. Atypical femur fracture incidence in women increases with duration of bisphosphonate exposure. Osteoporos Int. 2019 Dec;30(12):2515-2520. PMID: 31555883.
238. Lo JC, Ettinger B. How should we counsel Asian Americans about fracture risk? J Am Geriatr Soc. 2020 May 6. Online ahead of print. PMID: 32374424
1. Ettinger B, Kolb FO. Chlordiazepoxide and cystinuric calculus. JAMA. 1970 Apr 27;212(4):627. PMID: 5467365.
2. Ettinger B, Forsham PH. Mechanism of chlorpropamide antidiuresis in diabetes insipidus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1970 Nov;31(5):552-5. PMID: 4919043.
3. von Werder K, Ettinger B, Thenaers GC, Forsham PH. Plasma testosterone in hirsute women: diagnostic significance of stimulation-suppression tests. Acta Endocrinol Suppl (Copenh). 1971;152:16. PMID: 5313534.
4. Ettinger B, Kolb FO. Factors involved in crystal formation in cystinuria. In vivo and in vitro crystallization dynamics and a simple, quantitative colorimetic assay for cystine. J Urol. 1971 Jul;106(1):106-10. PMID: 5564770.
5. Ettinger B, Von Werder K, Thenaers GC, Forsham PH. Plasma testosterone stimulation-suppression dynamics in hirsute women. Am J Med. 1971 Aug;51(2):170-5. PMID: 4328775.
6. Zweig SM, Ettinger B, Earley LE. Mechanism of antidiuretic action of chlorpropamide in the mammalian kidney. Am J Physiol. 1971 Sep;221(3):911-5. PMID: 5570350.
7. Ettinger B, Goldfield EB, Burrill KC, Von Werder K, Forsham PH. Plasma testosterone stimulation-suppression dynamics in hirsute women. correlation with long-term therapy. Am J Med. 1973 Feb;54(2):195-200. PMID: 4346681.
8. Ettinger B, Kolb FO. Inorganic phosphate treatment of nephrolithiasis. Am J Med. 1973 Jul;55(1):32-7. PMID: 4715930.
9. Ettinger B. Recurrent nephrolithiasis: natural history and effect of phosphate therapy. A double-blind controlled study. Am J Med. 1976 Aug;61(2):200-6. PMID: 782240.
10. Ettinger B, Golditch IM. Medroxyprogesterone acetate for the evaluation of hypertestosteronism in hirsute women. Fertil Steril. 1977 Dec;28(12):1285-8. PMID: 590535.
11. Ettinger B. Recurrence of nephrolithiasis. A six-year prospective study. Am J Med. 1979 Aug;67(2):245-8. PMID: 380337.
12. Ettinger B, Weil E, Mandel NS, Darling S. Triamterene-induced nephrolithiasis. Ann Intern Med. 1979 Nov;91(5):745-6. PMID: 496113.
13. Cann CE, Genant HK, Ettinger B, Gordan GS. Spinal mineral loss in oophorectomized women. Determination by quantitative computed tomography. JAMA. 1980 Nov 7;244(18):2056-9. PMID: 6253692.
14. Ettinger B, Oldroyd NO, Sörgel F. Triamterene nephrolithiasis. JAMA. 1980 Nov 28;244(21):2443-5. PMID: 7431573.
15. Watson RA, Ettinger B, Deshon GE Jr, Agee RE, Oldroyd NO. Triamterene stone: advantage of crystallographic analysis. Urology. 1981 Sep;18(3):238-40. PMID: 6269267.
16. Ettinger B. Calcium oxalate stones. Med Times. 1981; Nov: 65-67.
17. Ettinger B, Oldroyd N, Sorgel F. Renal Calculi in triamterene users. In: Smith LH, Robertson WG, Finlayson B (eds) Urolithiasis: Clinical and Basic Research. Plenum Press, New York London 1981, pp 131-7.
18. Ettinger B. Calcium oxalate stones. Resident and Staff Physician. 1982; Mar: 77-79.
19. Ettinger B, Wingerd J. Thyroid supplements: effect on bone mass. West J Med. 1982 Jun;136(6):473-6. PMID: 7113194; PMCID: PMC1273943.
20. Ettinger B. Risk of kidney stones. JAMA. 1982 Oct 22;248(16):1971. PMID: 7120618.
21. Genant HK, Cann CE, Ettinger B, Gordan GS. Quantitative computed tomography of vertebral spongiosa: a sensitive method for detecting early bone loss after oophorectomy. Ann Intern Med. 1982 Nov;97(5):699-705. PMID: 6291439.
22. Ettinger B, Genant HK, Cann CE. Assessment of vertebral and peripheral bone mineral loss in women after oophorectomy. In: Menczel K, Robin GC, Makin R, Steinberg R (eds) Osteoporosis. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester 1982, pp 436- 40.
23. Genant HJ, Cann C, Ettinger B, Gordon GS, Kolbe FO. Osteoporosis: Assessment by quantitative computerized tomography. Geriatr Med Today 1984; 3:48-71.
24. Cann CE, Genant HK, Kolb FO, Ettinger B. Quantitative computed tomography for prediction of vertebral fracture risk. Bone. 1985;6(1):1-7. PMID: 3994856.
25. Richardson ML, Genant HK, Cann CE, Kolb FO, Ettinger B, Gordan GS. Noninvasive assessment of skeletal mass. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1985;9(3):636-8. PMID: 11540868.
26. Ettinger B, Genant HK, Cann CE. Long-term estrogen replacement therapy prevents bone loss and fractures. Ann Intern Med. 1985 Mar;102(3):319-24. PMID: 2982302.
27. Genant HK, Cann CE, Ettinger B, Gordan GS, Kolb FO, Reiser U, Arnaud CD. Quantitative computed tomography for spinal mineral assessment: current status. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1985 May-Jun;9(3):602-4. PMID: 11536558.
28. Richardson ML, Genant HK, Cann CE, Ettinger B, Gordan GS, Kolb FO, Reiser UJ. Assessment of metabolic bone diseases by quantitative computed tomography. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1985 May;(195):224-38. PMID: 3978956.
29. Ettinger B. Excretion of triamterene and its metabolite in triamterene stone patients. J Clin Pharmacol. 1985 Jul-Aug;25(5):365-8. PMID: 4031113.
30. Genant HK, Ettinger B, Cann CE, Reiser U, Gordan GS, Kolb FO. Osteoporosis: assessment by quantitative computed tomography. Orthop Clin North Am. 1985 Jul;16(3):557-68. Review. PMID: 3892413.
31. Sörgel F, Ettinger B, Benet LZ. The true composition of kidney stones passed during triamterene therapy. J Urol. 1985 Nov;134(5):871-3. PMID: 4057369.
32. Ettinger B, Citron JT, Tang A, Livermore B. Prophylaxis of calcium oxalate stones: clinical trials of allopurinol, magnesium hydroxide and chlorthalidone. In: Schwille PO, Smith LH, Robertson WG, Vahlensieck W (eds) Urolithiasis and Related Clinical Research. Plenum Press, New York 1985, pp 549-52.
33. Sorgel F, Ettinger B, Benet LZ, Schwille PO. Triamterene solubility and metabolism are not causative factors of triamterene lithiasis. ibid, pp 375-8.
34. Ettinger B. Preventing postmenopausal osteoporosis with estrogen replacement therapy. Int J Fertil. 1986;31(3 Suppl [ESTROGEN]):15-20. Review. PMID: 2906335.
35. Richardson ML, Pozzi-Mucelli RS, Kanter AS, Kolb FO, Ettinger B, Genant HK. Bone mineral changes in primary hyperparathyroidism. Skeletal Radiol. 1986;15(2):85-95. PMID: 3961529.
36. Sörgel F, Ettinger B, Benet LZ. Metabolic fate and solubility of triamterene – not an explanation for triamterene nephrolithiasis. J Pharm Sci. 1986 Feb;75(2):129-32. PMID: 3958920.
37. Morledge JH, Ettinger B, Aranda J, McBarron F, Barra P, Gorwit J, Davidov M. Isolated systolic hypertension in the elderly. A placebo-controlled, dose-response evaluation of chlorthalidone. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1986 Mar;34(3):199-206. PMID: 3512670.
38. Reinbold WD, Genant HK, Reiser UJ, Harris ST, Ettinger B. Bone mineral content in early-postmenopausal and postmenopausal osteoporotic women: comparison of measurement methods. Radiology. 1986 Aug;160(2):469-78. PMID: 3726129.
39. Ettinger B, Tang A, Citron JT, Livermore B, Williams T. Randomized trial of allopurinol in the prevention of calcium oxalate calculi. N Engl J Med. 1986 Nov 27;315(22):1386-9. PMID: 3534570.
40. Ettinger B, Genant HK, Cann CE. Bone mineral assessment: a guide for primary care physicians. In: Notelovitz M, van Keep P (eds) The Climacteric in Perspective. MTP Press Limited 1986, pp 95-104.
41. Ettinger B, Genant HK, Cann CE. Postmenopausal bone loss is prevented by treatment with low-dosage estrogen with calcium. Ann Intern Med. 1987 Jan;106(1):40-5. PMID: 3789576.
42. Ettinger B. Overview of the efficacy of hormonal replacement therapy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1987 May;156(5):1298-303. PMID: 3578451.
43. Ettinger B. Update: Estrogen and postmenopausal osteoporosis 1976-1986. Health Values. 1987;11(4):31-36.
44. Genant HK, Ettinger B, Block JE, Steiger P. Diagnosis and assessment of osteoporosis using quantitative computed tomography. Applied Radiol 1987;16:55-64.
45. Genant HK, Steiger P, Block JE, Glueer CC, Ettinger B, Harris ST. Quantitative computed tomography: update 1987. Calcif Tissue Int. 1987 Oct;41(4):179-86. Review. PMID: 3119173.
46. Ettinger B. Estrogen and postmenopausal osteoporosis. AAOHN J. 1987 Dec;35(12):543-6. PMID: 3689503.
47. Ettinger B. Estrogen, progestogen and calcium in the treatment of postmenopausal women. In: Genant HK (ed) Osteoporosis Update 1987. Radiology Research and Education Foundation, San Francisco 1987, pp 253-7.
48. Ettinger B, Block JE, Smith R, Cummings SR, Harris ST, Genant HK. Do vertebral deformities produce physical disabilities? In: Christiansen C, Johansen JS, Riis BJ (eds) Osteoporosis 1987. Osteopress ApS, Copenhagen 1987, pp 53-7.
49. Ettinger B, Genant HK, Cann CE. Low-dosage estrogen combined with calcium prevents postmenopausal bone loss: results of a 3-year study. In: Cohn DV, Martin TJ, Meunier PJ (eds) Calcium Regulation and Bone Metabolism. Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam 1987, pp 918-22.
50. Citron JT, Ettinger B, Genant HK. Prediction of peak premenopausal bone mass using a scale of weighted clinical variables. ibid, pp 146-9.
51. Ettinger B, Citron JT, Livermore B, Dolman LI. Chlorthalidone reduces calcium oxalate calculous recurrence but magnesium hydroxide does not. J Urol. 1988 Apr;139(4):679-84. PMID: 3280829.
52. Ettinger B. Optimal use of postmenopausal hormone replacement. Obstet Gynecol. 1988 Nov;72(5 Suppl):31S-36S. PMID: 3173939.
53. Ettinger B. Prevention of osteoporosis: treatment of estradiol deficiency. Obstet Gynecol. 1988 Nov;72(5 Suppl):12S-17S. PMID: 3173936.
54. Ettinger B, Block JE, Smith R, Cummings SR, Harris ST, Genant HK. An examination of the association between vertebral deformities, physical disabilities and psychosocial problems. Maturitas. 1988 Dec;10(4):283-96. PMID: 2976115.
55. Ettinger B, Golditch IM, Friedman G. Gynecologic consequences of long-term, unopposed estrogen replacement therapy. Maturitas. 1988 Dec;10(4):271-82. PMID: 3226337.
56. Ettinger B. A practical guide to preventing osteoporosis. West J Med. 1988 Dec;149(6):691-5. Review. PMID: 3074564; PMCID: PMC1026615.
57. Genant HK, Ettinger B, Harris ST, Block JE, Steiger P. Quantitative computed tomography in assessment of osteoporosis. In: Riggs BL, Melton III LJ (eds) Osteoporosis: etiology, diagnosis and management. Raven Press, New York 1988, pp 221-49.
58. Ettinger B. Does hyperuricosuria play a role in calcium oxalate lithiasis? J Urol. 1989 Mar;141(3 Pt 2):738-41. Review. PMID: 2645432.
59. Genant HK, Block JE, Steiger P, Glueer CC, Ettinger B, Harris ST. Appropriate use of bone densitometry. Radiology. 1989 Mar;170(3 Pt 1):817-22. PMID: 2916037.
60. Block JE, Smith R, Glueer CC, Steiger P, Ettinger B, Genant HK. Models of spinal trabecular bone loss as determined by quantitative computed tomography. J Bone Miner Res. 1989 Apr;4(2):249-57. PMID: 2728928.
61. Ettinger B, Churchill DN. Medical treatment of urolithiasis: an overview of the theme poster discussion group. In: Walker VR, Sutton RAL, Cameron ECB, Pak CYC, Robertson WG (eds) Urolithiasis. Plenum Press, New York 1989, pp 783-6.
62. Ettinger B, Citron JT. Prevention of recurrent calcium oxalate calculi through use of hydrochlorothiazide combined with amiloride. ibid, pp 789-92.
63. Genant HK, Block JE, Steiger P, Glueer CC, Ettinger B, Harris ST. Appropriate use of bone densitometry. In: Kleerekoper M, Krane S (eds) Clinical Disorders of Bone and Mineral Metabolism. Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., New York 1989, pp 153-61.
64. Steiger P, Block JE, Steiger S, Heuck AF, Friedlander A, Ettinger B, Harris ST, Glüer CC, Genant HK. Spinal bone mineral density measured with quantitative CT: effect of region of interest, vertebral level, and technique. Radiology. 1990 May;175(2):537-43. PMID: 2326479.
65. Cummings SR, Browner WS, Grady D, Ettinger B. Should prescription of postmenopausal hormone therapy be based on the results of bone densitometry? Ann Intern Med. 1990 Oct 15;113(8):565-7. Review. PMID: 2119160.
66. Ettinger B. Hormone replacement therapy and coronary heart disease. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 1990 Dec;17(4):741-57. Review. PMID: 2092240.
67. Genant HK, Block JE, Steiger P, Glueer CC, Ettinger B, Harris ST. Commentary: Appropriate use of bone densitometry. In: Takahashi HE (ed). Nishimura, Smith-Gordon, Japan 1990, pp 398-409.
68. Ross PD, Ettinger B, Davis JW, Melton LJ 3rd, Wasnich RD. Evaluation of adverse health outcomes associated with vertebral fractures. Osteoporos Int. 1991 Jun;1(3):134-40. PMID: 1838705.
69. Ettinger B. Estrogen supplements in menopause. Cleve Clin J Med. 1991 Jul-Aug;58(4):366. PMID: 1889118.
70. Ettinger B. Allopurinol for the treatment of uric acid and calcium calculi. In: Pak CYC (ed) Pharmacologic Treatment of Endocrinopathies. S. Karger AG, Basel 1991, pp 16-36.
71. Ettinger B, Genant HK, Steiger P, Madvig P. Low-dosage micronized 17 beta-estradiol prevents bone loss in postmenopausal women. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1992 Feb;166(2):479-88. PMID: 1536215.
72. Ettinger B, Black DM, Nevitt MC, Rundle AC, Cauley JA, Cummings SR, Genant HK. Contribution of vertebral deformities to chronic back pain and disability. The Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. J Bone Miner Res. 1992 Apr;7(4):449-56. PMID: 1535172.
73. Ettinger B. Role of calcium in preserving the skeletal health of aging women. South Med J. 1992 Aug;85(8):2S22-30. Review. PMID: 1502608.
74. Grady D, Rubin SM, Petitti DB, Fox CS, Black D, Ettinger B, Ernster VL, Cummings SR. Hormone therapy to prevent disease and prolong life in postmenopausal women. Ann Intern Med. 1992 Dec 15;117(12):1016-37. Review. PMID: 1443971.
75. Ettinger B. Benefits of long-term hormone replacement therapy. What is the positive impact on a woman's life? J Surg Gynecol Canada 1992;14(suppl 1):S34-S37.
76. Ettinger B. Thiazide treatment of recurrent calcium stones. In: Drach GW (ed) Common Problems in Urinary Infections and Stones. Mosby-Yearbook, Inc., St. Louis 1992, pp 191-8.
77. Ettinger B, Drinkwater BL. Calcium and exercise- alternatives or adjuncts to estrogen in prevention of osteoporosis. In: Swartz DP (ed) Hormone Replacement in the Ovarian Deficient Woman. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore 1992, pp 79-108.
78. Ettinger B, Genant HK. Calcium enhances the bone-sparing effects of low-dosage estrogen in postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int. 1993;3 Suppl 1:157-8. PMID: 8461547.
79. Ettinger B. An update for the obstetrician-gynecologist on advances in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 1993 Jun;5(3):396-403. Review. PMID: 8329656.
80. Ettinger B, Grady D. The waning effect of postmenopausal estrogen therapy on osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 1993 Oct 14;329(16):1192-3. PMID: 8377785.
81. Ettinger B. Use of low-dosage 17 beta-estradiol for the prevention of osteoporosis. Clin Ther. 1993 Nov-Dec;15(6):950-62; discussion 949. Review. PMID: 8111815.
82. Ettinger B, Selby JV, Citron JT, Ettinger VM, Zhang D. Gynecologic complications of cyclic estrogen progestin therapy. Maturitas. 1993 Nov;17(3):197-204. PMID: 8133794.
83. Ettinger B, Black DM, Palermo L, Nevitt MC, Melnikoff S, Cummings SR. Kyphosis in older women and its relation to back pain, disability and osteopenia: the study of osteoporotic fractures. Osteoporos Int. 1994 Jan;4(1):55-60. PMID: 8148573.
84. Ettinger B. Postmenopausal osteoporosis. Curr Ther Endocrinol Metab. 1994;5:596-600. PMID: 7704802.
85. Hall V, Petitti DB, Ettinger B, Quesenberry C. Does Estrogen Replacement Therapy Prevent Height Loss? Menopause. 1994 Apr;1(1):3-10.
86. Ettinger B, Grady D. Maximizing the Benefit of Estrogen Therapy for Prevention of Osteoporosis. Menopause. 1994 Apr;1(1):19-24.
87. Ettinger B, Selby J, Citron JT, Vangessel A, Ettinger VM, Hendrickson MR. Cyclic hormone replacement therapy using quarterly progestin. Obstet Gynecol. 1994 May;83(5 Pt 1):693-700. PMID: 8164927.
88. Ettinger B. Postmenopausal osteoporosis. In: Bardin CW (ed) Current Therapy in Endocrinology and Metabolism, 5th edition. Mosby-Year Book, Inc., St. Louis 1994, pp 596-600.
89. Ettinger B. Treatment versus prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis. In: Bagdade JD (ed) The Year Book of Endocrinology, Mosby-Year Book, Inc., St. Louis 1994, pp xxiii-xxviii.
90. Citron JT, Ettinger B, Genant HK. Spinal bone mineral loss in estrogen-replete, calcium-replete premenopausal women. Osteoporos Int. 1995;5(4):228-33. PMID: 7492860.
91. Maxim P, Ettinger B, Spitalny GM. Fracture protection provided by long-term estrogen treatment. Osteoporos Int. 1995 Jan;5(1):23-9. PMID: 7703620.
92. Cauley JA, Seeley DG, Ensrud K, Ettinger B, Black D, Cummings SR. Estrogen replacement therapy and fractures in older women. Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. Ann Intern Med. 1995 Jan 1;122(1):9-16. PMID: 7985914.
93. Ettinger B. The Parathyroids. Basic and Clinical Concepts [Book Review]. The Endocrinologist 1995 November;5(6):438-40.
94. Ettinger B, Insognia K. Nephrolithiasis. In: Baxter JD (ed) Endocrinology and Metabolism, 3rd edition. Mc Graw-Hill, New York 1995, pp1565-1615.
95. Ettinger B, Cooper C. Clinical assessment of osteoporotic fractures. In: Genant HK, Jergas M, Van Kuijk C (eds) Vertebral fracture in osteoporosis. Radiology Research and Education Foundation, San Francisco 1995, pp 15-20.
96. Ettinger B, Friedman GD, Bush T, Quesenberry CP Jr. Reduced mortality associated with long-term postmenopausal estrogen therapy. Obstet Gynecol. 1996 Jan;87(1):6-12. PMID: 8532268.
97. Waller K, Reim J, Fenster L, Swan SH, Brumback B, Windham GC, Lasley B, Ettinger B, Marcus R. Bone mass and subtle abnormalities in ovulatory function in healthy women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996 Feb;81(2):663-8. PMID: 8636286.
98. Lin MJ, Hoke C, Ettinger B, Coyne RV. Technical performance evaluation of BM/Hitachi 747-200 serum fructosamine assay. Clin Chem. 1996 Feb;42(2):244-8. PMID: 8595718.
99. Citron JT, Ettinger B, Rubinoff H, Ettinger VM, Minkoff J, Hom F, Kan P, Alloo R. Prevalence of hypothalamic-pituitary imaging abnormalities in impotent men with secondary hypogonadism. J Urol. 1996 Feb;155(2):529-33. PMID: 8558653.
100. Hiatt RA, Ettinger B, Caan B, Quesenberry CP Jr, Duncan D, Citron JT. Randomized controlled trial of a low animal protein, high fiber diet in the prevention of recurrent calcium oxalate kidney stones. Am J Epidemiol. 1996 Jul 1;144(1):25-33. PMID: 8659482.
101. Lobo RA, Ettinger B, Hutchinson KA, Knopp RH, Lindsay R, Nachtigall LE, Santoro N, Studd J. Estrogen replacement. The evolving role of transdermal delivery. J Reprod Med. 1996 Oct;41(10 Suppl):781-96. Review. PMID: 8913986.
102. Ettinger B, Miller P, McClung MR. Use of bone densitometry results for decisions about therapy for osteoporosis. Ann Intern Med. 1996 Oct 1;125(7):623. PMID: 8815769
103. Ettinger B, Li DK, Klein R. Continuation of postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy: Comparison of cyclic versus continuous combined schedules. Menopause. 3(4):185-189, 1996.
104. Ettinger B. Four bleeds a year. Is it sensible? Menopause Digest: 1996;2:6-7.
105. Ettinger B. Hyperuricosuric calcium stone disease and mixed stones. In: Coe FL, Favus MJ, Pak CYC, Parks JH, Preminger GM (eds) Kidney Stones: Medical and Surgical Management. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia 1996, pp 851-8.
106. Ettinger B, Bainton L, Upmalis DH, Citron JT, VanGessel A. Comparison of endometrial growth produced by unopposed conjugated estrogens or by micronized estradiol in postmenopausal women. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1997 Jan;176(1 Pt 1):112-7. PMID: 9024100.
107. Ettinger B. Postmenopausal osteoporosis. Curr Ther Endocrinol Metab. 1997;6:639-44. Review. PMID: 9174822.
108. Ettinger B, Sidney S, Cummings SR, Libanati C, Bikle DD, Tekawa IS, Tolan K, Steiger P. Racial differences in bone density between young adult black and white subjects persist after adjustment for anthropometric, lifestyle, and biochemical differences. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997 Feb;82(2):429-34. PMID: 9024231.
109. Ettinger B, Quesenberry C, Schroeder DA, Friedman G. Long-term postmenopausal estrogen therapy may be associated with increased risk of breast cancer: A cohort study. Menopause. 1997;4(3):125-129.
110. Ensrud KE, Black DM, Harris F, Ettinger B, Cummings SR. Correlates of kyphosis in older women. The Fracture Intervention Trial Research Group. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1997 Jun;45(6):682-7. PMID: 9180660.
111. Bauer DC, Nevitt MC, Ettinger B, Stone K. Low thyrotropin levels are not associated with bone loss in older women: a prospective study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997 Sep;82(9):2931-6. PMID: 9284722.
112. Ettinger B. Guidelines for established osteoporosis treatment. Menopause Manag 1997; Sept/Oct:6-9.
113. Ettinger B, Pak CY, Citron JT, Thomas C, Adams-Huet B, Vangessel A. Potassium-magnesium citrate is an effective prophylaxis against recurrent calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis. J Urol. 1997 Dec;158(6):2069-73. PMID: 9366314.
114. Hirata JD, Swiersz LM, Zell B, Small R, Ettinger B. Does dong quai have estrogenic effects in postmenopausal women? A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Fertil Steril. 1997 Dec;68(6):981-6. PMID: 9418683.
115. Ettinger B. Postmenopausal osteoporosis. In: Kassirer JP, Greene HL II (eds) Current Therapy in Adult Medicine. Mosby, St. Louis 1997, pp 1238-43.
116. Ettinger B. Osteoporosis and the perimenopausal woman. In: Lobo RA (ed) Serono Symposia USA. Perimenpause. Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., New York 1997, pp 202-9.
117. Ettinger B. Overview of estrogen replacement therapy: a historical perspective. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1998 Jan;217(1):2-5. Review. PMID: 9421200.
118. Kaufert P, Boggs PP, Ettinger B, Woods NF, Utian WH. Women and menopause: beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors. The North American Menopause Society 1997 Menopause Survey. Menopause. 1998 Winter;5(4):197-202. PMID: 9872483.
119. Ettinger B. Treatment versus prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis [Editorial]. Israel J Obstet Gynecol 1998;9:31-2.
120. Chang J, Hoke C, Ettinger B, Penerian G. Evaluation and interference study of hemoglobin A1c measured by turbidimetric inhibition immunoassay. Am J Clin Pathol. 1998 Mar;109(3):274-8. PMID: 9495198.
121. Ettinger B. Maintaining skeletal health among postmenopausal women. Am J Manag Care. 1998 Mar;4(3):387-96. PMID: 20919444.
122. Ettinger B, Fireman B. Estrogen-androgen hepatotoxicity? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1998 Mar;178(3):627-8. PMID: 9539547.
123. Ettinger B. SERMs in clinical practice: pieces of the puzzle. Menopause Manag 1998; March/April:6-13.
124. Hom FG, Ettinger B, Lin MJ. Comparison of serum fructosamine vs glycohemoglobin as measures of glycemic control in a large diabetic population. Acta Diabetol. 1998 Apr;35(1):48-51. PMID: 9625289.
125. Ettinger B, Li DK, Klein R. Unexpected vaginal bleeding and associated gynecologic care in postmenopausal women using hormone replacement therapy: comparison of cyclic versus continuous combined schedules. Fertil Steril. 1998 May;69(5):865-9. PMID: 9591494.
126. Yaffe K, Ettinger B, Pressman A, Seeley D, Whooley M, Schaefer C, Cummings S. Neuropsychiatric function and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate in elderly women: a prospective study. Biol Psychiatry. 1998 May 1;43(9):694-700. PMID: 9583004.
127. Lin MJ, Hoke C, Ettinger B. Evaluation of homogeneous high-density lipoprotein cholesterol assay on a BM/Hitachi 747-200 analyzer. Clin Chem. 1998 May;44(5):1050-2. PMID: 9590383.
128. Nevitt MC, Ettinger B, Black DM, Stone K, Jamal SA, Ensrud K, Segal M, Genant HK, Cummings SR. The association of radiographically detected vertebral fractures with back pain and function: a prospective study. Ann Intern Med. 1998 May 15;128(10):793-800. PMID: 9599190.
129. Rappleye WC, Bachmann GA, Ettinger B, Santoro NF, Shoupe D. Current clinical uses of low-dose estrogen therapy. Contemp Ob Gyn 1998 May; Supplement:4-29.
130. Bauer DC, Ettinger B, Browner WS. Thyroid functions and serum lipids in older women: a population-based study. Am J Med. 1998 Jun;104(6):546-51. PMID: 9674717.
131. Ettinger B, Pressman A, Sklarin P, Bauer DC, Cauley JA, Cummings SR. Associations Between Low Levels of Serum Estradiol, Bone Density, and Fractures Among Elderly Women: The Study of Osteoporotic Fractures. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998 Jul;83(7):2239-43. PMID: 9661589.
132. Cummings SR, Browner WS, Bauer D, Stone K, Ensrud K, Jamal S, Ettinger B. Endogenous hormones and the risk of hip and vertebral fractures among older women. Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. N Engl J Med. 1998 Sep 10;339(11):733-8. PMID: 9731089.
133. Ettinger B, Pressman A, Schein J, Chan J, Silver P, Connolly N. Alendronate use among 812 women: prevalence of gastrointestinal complaints, noncompliance with patient instructions and discontinuation. J Managed Care Pharmacy 1998 Sep/Oct;4(5):488-92.
134. Ettinger B, Pressman A, Schein J. Clinic visits and hospital admissions for care of acid-related upper gastrointestinal disorders in women using alendronate for osteoporosis. Am J Manag Care. 1998 Oct;4(10):1377-82. PMID: 10338731.
135. Ettinger B, Pressman A, Bradley C. Comparison of continuation of postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy: transdermal versus oral estrogen. Menopause. 1998 Fall;5(3):152-6. PMID: 9774760.
136. Ettinger B, Pressman A, Silver P. Effect of age on reasons for initiation and discontinuation of hormone replacement therapy. Menopause. 1999 Winter;6(4):282-9. PMID: 10614674.
137. Selby JV, Ettinger B, Swain BE, Brown JB. First 20 months' experience with use of metformin for type 2 diabetes in a large health maintenance organization. Diabetes Care. 1999 Jan;22(1):38-44. PMID: 10333901.
138. Ettinger B. Should ERT be prescribed to women who have had breast cancer? Contemp Ob Gyn 1999:44:41-55
139. Gabriel SE, Kneeland TS, Melton LJ 3rd, Moncur MM, Ettinger B, Tosteson AN. Health-related quality of life in economic evaluations for osteoporosis: whose values should we use? Med Decis Making. 1999 Apr-Jun;19(2):141-8. PMID: 10231076.
140. Sidney S, Lewis CE, Hill JO, Quesenberry CP Jr, Stamm ER, Scherzinger A, Tolan K, Ettinger B. Association of total and central adiposity measures with fasting insulin in a biracial population of young adults with normal glucose tolerance: the CARDIA study. Obes Res. 1999 May;7(3):265-72. PMID: 10348497.
141. Ettinger B. Ipriflavone for osteoporosis prevention and treatment: A spring of 1999 update. Menopause Manag 1999;8:12-27.
142. Bikle DD, Ettinger B, Sidney S, Tekawa IS, Tolan K. Differences in calcium metabolism between black and white men and women. Miner Electrolyte Metab. 1999 May-Jun;25(3):178-84. PMID: 10436403.
143. Ettinger B, Pressman A. Continuation of postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy in a large health maintenance organization: transdermal matrix patch versus oral estrogen therapy. Am J Manag Care. 1999 Jun;5(6):779-85. PMID: 10538456.
144. Ettinger B. Hyperuricosuria and calcium oxalate lithiasis: A critical review and future outlook. In: Borghi L, Meschi T, Briganti A, Schianchi T, Novarini A (eds) Kidney Stones (Proceedings of the 8th European Symposium on Urolithiasis). Editoriale Bios, Parma Italy 1999: pp 51-7.
145. Ettinger B, Black DM, Mitlak BH, Knickerbocker RK, Nickelsen T, Genant HK, Christiansen C, Delmas PD, Zanchetta JR, Stakkestad J, Glüer CC, Krueger K, Cohen FJ, Eckert S, Ensrud KE, Avioli LV, Lips P, Cummings SR. Reduction of vertebral fracture risk in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis treated with raloxifene: results from a 3-year randomized clinical trial. Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation (MORE) Investigators. JAMA. 1999 Aug 18;282(7):637-45. PMID: 10517716.
146. Barbieri RL, Ettinger B, Ettinger KM. Should all women over 60 be screened for BMD? Contemp Ob Gyn 1999;44(9):83-100.
147. Ettinger B. Personal perspective on low-dosage estrogen therapy for postmenopausal women. Menopause. 1999 Fall;6(3):273-6. Review. PMID: 10486799.
148. Ettinger B. Meeting the evolving therapeutic needs of postmenopausal women. J Bone Miner Metab. 2000;18(5):299-304. PMID: 10959621.
149. Genant HK, Cann CE, Ettinger B, Gordan GS. Quantitative computed tomography of vertebral spongiosa: a sensitive method for detecting early bone loss after oophorectomy. 1982. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2000 Mar;(372):3-8. PMID: 10738409.
150. Tosteson AN, Gabriel SE, Kneeland TS, Moncur MM, Manganiello PD, Schiff I, Ettinger B, Melton LJ 3rd. Has the impact of hormone replacement therapy on health-related quality of life been undervalued? J Womens Health Gend Based Med. 2000 Mar;9(2):119-30. PMID: 10746515.
151. Zell B, Hirata J, Marcus A, Ettinger B, Pressman A, Ettinger KM. Diagnosis of symptomatic postmenopausal women by traditional Chinese medicine practitioners. Menopause. 2000 Mar-Apr;7(2):129-34. PMID: 10746896.
152. Ettinger B, Woods NF, Barrett-Connor E, Pressman A. The North American Menopause Society 1998 menopause survey: Part II. Counseling about hormone replacement therapy: association with socioeconomic status and access to medical care. Menopause. 2000 May-Jun;7(3):143-8. PMID: 10810958.
153. Ettinger B. Long-term compliance with estrogen replacement therapy in surgical postmenopausal women: benefits to bone and analysis of factors associated with discontinuation. Menopause. 2000 Nov-Dec;7(6):417-8. PMID: 11127765.
154. Ettinger B. Sequential osteoporosis treatment for women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. Menopausal Medicine 2000;8:1-4.
155. Birge SF, Cosman F, Ettinger B. Raloxifene FAQs: Perspectives on the first approved SERM–Where are we now? Part 1. Menopause Manag 2001;10(1):16-25.
156. Birge SF, Cosman F, Ettinger B. Raloxifene FAQs: Perspectives on the first approved SERM –Where are we now? Part 2. Menopause Manag 2001;10(2):21-29.
157. Bauer DC, Ettinger B, Nevitt MC, Stone KL. Risk for fracture in women with low serum levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone. Ann Intern Med. 2001 Apr 3;134(7):561-8. PMID: 12803168.
158. Pressman A, Forsyth B, Ettinger B, Tosteson AN. Initiation of osteoporosis treatment after bone mineral density testing. Osteoporos Int. 2001;12(5):337-42. PMID: 11444079.
159. Ettinger B, Pressman A., Shah,H. Who bears responsibility for glucocorticoid-exposed patients in a large health maintenance organization? J Manag Care Pharm. 2001 May/June;7(3):228-32.
160. Ettinger B, Chidambaran P, Pressman A. Prevalence and determinants of osteoporosis drug prescription among patients with high exposure to glucocorticoid drugs. Am J Manag Care. 2001 Jun;7(6):597-605. PMID: 11439733.
161. Small R, Friedman GD, Ettinger B. Concomitant medication use in postmenopausal women using estrogen therapy. Menopause. 2001 Summer;8(2):120-6. PMID: 11256872.
162. Ettinger B, Pressman A, Van Gessel A. Low-dosage esterified estrogens opposed by progestin at 6-month intervals. Obstet Gynecol. 2001 Aug;98(2):205-11. PMID: 11506834.
163. Kayser J, Ettinger B, Pressman A. Postmenopausal hormonal support: discontinuation of raloxifene versus estrogen. Menopause. 2001 Sep-Oct;8(5):328-32. PMID: 11528358.
164. Figueroa-Casas PR, Ettinger B, Delgado E, Javkin A, Vieder C. Reversal by medical treatment of endometrial hyperplasia caused by estrogen replacement therapy. Menopause. 2001 Nov-Dec;8(6):420-3. Review. PMID: 11723414.
165. Cauley JA, Zmuda JM, Ensrud KE, Bauer DC, Ettinger B. Timing of estrogen replacement therapy for optimal osteoporosis prevention. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Dec;86(12):5700-5. PMID: 11739424.
166. Ettinger B. Nephrolithiasis. In: Felig P, Frohman L (eds) Endocrinology & Metabolism, McGraw-Hill, New York 2001, pp 1221-61.
167. Ettinger B, Bilezikian JP. For osteoporosis, are two antiresorptive drugs better than one? J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Mar;87(3):983-4. PMID: 11889148.
168. Donahue JG, Chan KA, Andrade SE, Beck A, Boles M, Buist DS, Carey VJ, Chandler JM, Chase GA, Ettinger B, Fishman P, Goodman M, Guess HA, Gurwitz JH, LaCroix AZ, Levin TR, Platt R. Gastric and duodenal safety of daily alendronate. Arch Intern Med. 2002 Apr 22;162(8):936-42. PMID: 11966346.
169. Finkelstein JS, Lee ML, Sowers M, Ettinger B, Neer RM, Kelsey JL, Cauley JA, Huang MH, Greendale GA. Ethnic variation in bone density in premenopausal and early perimenopausal women: effects of anthropometric and lifestyle factors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Jul;87(7):3057-67. PMID: 12107201.
170. Finkelstein JS, Sowers M, Greendale GA, Lee ML, Neer RM, Cauley JA, Ettinger B. Ethnic variation in bone turnover in pre- and early perimenopausal women: effects of anthropometric and lifestyle factors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Jul;87(7):3051-6. PMID: 12107200.
171. Cobb KL, Kelsey JL, Sidney S, Ettinger B, Lewis CE. Oral contraceptives and bone mineral density in white and black women in CARDIA. Coronary Risk Development in Young Adults. Osteoporos Int. 2002 Nov;13(11):893-900. PMID: 12415437.
172. Sowers MR, Finkelstein JS, Ettinger B, Bondarenko I, Neer RM, Cauley JA, Sherman S, Greendale GA. The association of endogenous hormone concentrations and bone mineral density measures in pre- and perimenopausal women of four ethnic groups: SWAN. Osteoporos Int. 2003 Jan;14(1):44-52. PMID: 12577184.
173. Van Den Eeden SK, Barzilay JI, Ettinger B, Minkoff J. Thyroid hormone use and the risk of hip fracture in women > or = 65 years: a case-control study. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2003 Jan-Feb;12(1):27-31. PMID: 12639366.
174. Sowers MR, Greendale GA, Bondarenko I, Finkelstein JS, Cauley JA, Neer RM, Ettinger B. Endogenous hormones and bone turnover markers in pre- and perimenopausal women: SWAN. Osteoporos Int. 2003 May;14(3):191-7. PMID: 12730778.
175. Tice JA, Ettinger B, Ensrud K, Wallace R, Blackwell T, Cummings SR. Phytoestrogen supplements for the treatment of hot flashes: the Isoflavone Clover Extract (ICE) Study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2003 Jul 9;290(2):207-14. PMID: 12851275.
176. Tosteson AN, Grove MR, Hammond CS, Moncur MM, Ray GT, Hebert GM, Pressman AR, Ettinger B. Early discontinuation of treatment for osteoporosis. Am J Med. 2003 Aug 15;115(3):209-16. PMID: 12947959.
177. Ettinger B, Grady D, Tosteson AN, Pressman A, Macer JL. Effect of the Women's Health Initiative on women's decisions to discontinue postmenopausal hormone therapy. Obstet Gynecol. 2003 Dec;102(6):1225-32. PMID: 14662208
178. Grady D, Ettinger B, Tosteson AN, Pressman A, Macer JL. Predictors of difficulty when discontinuing postmenopausal hormone therapy. Obstet Gynecol. 2003 Dec;102(6):1233-9. PMID: 14662209.
179. Ettinger B, Ray GT, Pressman AR, Gluck O. Limb fractures in elderly men as indicators of subsequent fracture risk. Arch Intern Med. 2003 Dec 8-22;163(22):2741-7. PMID: 14662628.
180. Ettinger B, San Martin J, Crans G, Pavo I. Differential effects of teriparatide on BMD after treatment with raloxifene or alendronate. J Bone Miner Res. 2004 May;19(5):745-51. PMID: 15068497.
181. Schult TM, Ensrud KE, Blackwell T, Ettinger B, Wallace R, Tice JA. Effect of isoflavones on lipids and bone turnover markers in menopausal women. Maturitas. 2004 Jul 15;48(3):209-18. PMID: 15207886.
182. Ettinger B, Ensrud KE, Wallace R, Johnson KC, Cummings SR, Yankov V, Vittinghoff E, Grady D. Effects of ultralow-dose transdermal estradiol on bone mineral density: a randomized clinical trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2004 Sep;104(3):443-51. PMID: 15339752.
183. Grady D, Ettinger B, Moscarelli E, Plouffe L Jr, Sarkar S, Ciaccia A, Cummings S. Safety and adverse effects associated with raloxifene: multiple outcomes of raloxifene evaluation. Obstet Gynecol. 2004 Oct;104(4):837-44. PMID: 15458908.
184. Che M, Ettinger B, Johnston J, Pressman A, Liang J. Fragile fracture care management program. Perm J. 2005 Winter;9(1):13-5. PMID: 21687474; PMCID: PMC3108403.
185. Ettinger B, Hillier TA, Pressman A, Che M, Hanley DA. Simple computer model for calculating and reporting 5-year osteoporotic fracture risk in postmenopausal women. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2005 Mar;14(2):159-71. PMID: 15775734.
186. Johnson SR, Ettinger B, Macer JL, Ensrud KE, Quan J, Grady D. Uterine and vaginal effects of unopposed ultralow-dose transdermal estradiol. Obstet Gynecol. 2005 Apr;105(4):779-87. PMID: 15802405.
187. Ettinger B. Bisphosphonates: providing strength to a significant class. Manag Care. 2005 May;14(5 Suppl):24-8. PMID: 15962834.
188. Ettinger B. Appropriate intervention through fracture risk assessment. Manag Care. 2005 Aug;14(8 Suppl Osteoporosis):9-12; discussion 21-3. PMID: 18564556.
189. Ettinger B. Making the most of managed care dollars spent for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Manag Care Interface. 2005 Dec;18(12):55-9. PMID: 16405226.
190. Ettinger B. Vasomotor symptom relief versus unwanted effects: role of estrogen dosage. Am J Med. 2005 Dec 19;118 Suppl 12B:74-8. PMID: 16414330.
191. Genant HK, Cann CE, Ettinger B, Gordan GS. The Classic: Quantitative computed tomography of vertebral spongiosa: a sensitive method for detecting early bone loss after oophorectomy. 1982. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2006 Feb;443:14-8. PMID: 16462420.
192. Habel LA, Pressman A, Ettinger B, Sidney S, Suh-Burgmann B, Fehrenbacher L, Quesenberry CP. Use of raloxifene among women with a history of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2006 Mar;96(2):123-9. PMID: 16319985.
193. Che M, Ettinger B, Liang J, Pressman AR, Johnston J. Outcomes of a disease-management program for patients with recent osteoporotic fracture. Osteoporos Int. 2006;17(6):847-54. PMID: 16570119.
194. Sowers MR, Jannausch M, McConnell D, Little R, Greendale GA, Finkelstein JS, Neer RM, Johnston J, Ettinger B. Hormone predictors of bone mineral density changes during the menopausal transition. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Apr;91(4):1261-7. PMID: 16403818.
195. Lo JC, Pressman AR, Omar MA, Ettinger B. Persistence with weekly alendronate therapy among postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int. 2006;17(6):922-8. PubMed PMID: 16609824.
196. Ettinger B, Barrett-Connor E, Hoq LA, Vader JP, Dubois RW. When is it appropriate to prescribe postmenopausal hormone therapy? Menopause. 2006 May-Jun;13(3):404-10. PMID: 16735937.
197. Lee JS, Ettinger B, Stanczyk FZ, Vittinghoff E, Hanes V, Cauley JA, Chandler W, Settlage J, Beattie MS, Folkerd E, Dowsett M, Grady D, Cummings SR. Comparison of methods to measure low serum estradiol levels in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Oct;91(10):3791-7. PMID: 16882749.
198. Che M, Ettinger B, Nguyen MT, Pressman AR, Johnston J. High-dose corticosteroid exposure and osteoporosis intervention in adults. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2006 Oct;97(4):497-501. PMID: 17069105.
199. Ettinger B. Tailoring progestogen in hormone therapy. Menopause Manag 2006;15(suppl 1):25-8.
200. Ettinger B. Tibolone for prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Maturitas. 2007 May 20;57(1):35-8. Review. PMID: 17350774.
201. Ettinger B. Rationale for use of lower estrogen doses for postmenopausal hormone therapy. Maturitas. 2007 May 20;57(1):81-4. Review. PMID: 17383126.
202. Earnshaw SR, Graham CN, Ettinger B, Amonkar MM, Lynch NO, Middelhoven H. Cost-effectiveness of bisphosphonate therapies for women with postmenopausal osteoporosis: implications of improved persistence with less frequently administered oral bisphosphonates. Curr Med Res Opin. 2007 Oct;23(10):2517-29. PMID: 17825128.
203. Huang AJ, Ettinger B, Vittinghoff E, Ensrud KE, Johnson KC, Cummings SR. Endogenous estrogen levels and the effects of ultra-low-dose transdermal estradiol therapy on bone turnover and BMD in postmenopausal women. J Bone Miner Res. 2007 Nov;22(11):1791-7. PMID: 17620054.
204. Finkelstein JS, Brockwell SE, Mehta V, Greendale GA, Sowers MR, Ettinger B, Lo JC, Johnston JM, Cauley JA, Danielson ME, Neer RM. Bone mineral density changes during the menopause transition in a multiethnic cohort of women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Mar;93(3):861-8. PMID: 18160467; PMCID: PMC2266953.
205. Cummings SR, Ettinger B, Delmas PD, Kenemans P, Stathopoulos V, Verweij P, Mol-Arts M, Kloosterboer L, Mosca L, Christiansen C, Bilezikian J, Kerzberg EM, Johnson S, Zanchetta J, Grobbee DE, Seifert W, Eastell R. The effects of tibolone in older postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med. 2008 Aug 14;359(7):697-708. PMID: 18703472; PMCID: PMC3684062.
206. Ettinger B, Kenemans P, Johnson SR, Mol-Arts M, Van Os S, Seifert W, Verweij PJ, Cummings SR. Endometrial effects of tibolone in elderly, osteoporotic women. Obstet Gynecol. 2008 Sep;112(3):653-9. PMID: 18757665.
207. Ettinger B. A personal perspective on fracture risk assessment tools. Menopause. 2008 Sep-Oct;15(5):1023-6. PMID: 18703988.
208. Ettinger B, Hait H, Reape KZ, Shu H. Measuring symptom relief in studies of vaginal and vulvar atrophy: the most bothersome symptom approach. Menopause. 2008 Sep-Oct;15(5):885-9. PMID: 18779677.
209. Kuhl LN, Ettinger B, Rosen CJ, Col NF. Questioning the accuracy of a recent review of osteoporosis medications. Ann Intern Med. 2009 Mar 17;150(6):423-4; author reply 424-5. PMID: 19293078.
210. Watts NB, Ettinger B, LeBoff MS. FRAX facts. J Bone Miner Res. 2009 Jun;24(6):975-9. PMID: 19364271.
211. Ettinger B, Ettinger KM. FRAX: Using the new fracture risk assessment tool. Contemp Ob Gyn 2009 July; 54(7):22-28.
212. Ettinger B, Black DM, Dawson-Hughes B, Pressman AR, Melton LJ 3rd. Updated fracture incidence rates for the US version of FRAX. Osteoporos Int. 2010 Jan;21(1):25-33. PMID: 19705048; PMCID: PMC2788143.
213. Lo JC, Pressman AR, Chandra M, Ettinger B. Fracture risk tool validation in an integrated healthcare delivery system. Am J Manag Care. 2011 Mar;17(3):188-94. PMID: 21504255.
214. Pressman AR, Lo JC, Chandra M, Ettinger B. Methods for assessing fracture risk prediction models: experience with FRAX in a large integrated health care delivery system. J Clin Densitom. 2011 Oct-Dec;14(4):407-15. PMID: 21958955.
215. Huang SY, Grimsrud CD, Provus J, Hararah M, Chandra M, Ettinger B, Lo JC. The impact of subtrochanteric fracture criteria on hip fracture classification. Osteoporos Int. 2012 Feb;23(2):743-50. PMID: 21562878.
216. Ettinger B, Wang SM, Leslie RS, Patel BV, Boulware MJ, Mann ME, McBride M. Evolution of postmenopausal hormone therapy between 2002 and 2009. Menopause. 2012 Jun;19(6):610-5. PMID: 22207318.
217. Lo JC, Huang SY, Lee GA, Khandelwal S, Provus J, Ettinger B, Gonzalez JR, Hui RL, Grimsrud CD. Clinical correlates of atypical femoral fracture. Bone. 2012 Jul;51(1):181-4. PMID: 22414379.
218. Ettinger B, Liu H, Blackwell T, Hoffman AR, Ensrud KE, Orwoll ES. Validation of FRC, a fracture risk assessment tool, in a cohort of older men: the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Study. J Clin Densitom. 2012 Jul-Sep;15(3):334-42. PMID: 22445858; PMCID: PMC3387516.
219. Sobel EM, Ettinger B, Lo JC, Pressman AR. Application of new method for evaluating performance of fracture risk tool. Am J Manag Care. 2012 Oct 1;18(10):e398. PMID: 23145848.
220. Ettinger B, Ensrud KE, Blackwell T, Curtis JR, Lapidus JA, Orwoll ES. Performance of FRAX in a cohort of community-dwelling, ambulatory older men: the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) study. Osteoporos Int. 2013 Apr;24(4):1185-93. PMID: 23179575; PMCID: PMC3767034.
221. Ettinger B, Burr DB, Ritchie RO. Proposed pathogenesis for atypical femoral fractures: lessons from materials research. Bone. 2013 Aug;55(2):495-500. PMID: 23419776.
222. Ettinger B, Stuenkel CA, Schnatz PF. Menopause practitioner perspective on the American Society of Bone and Mineral Research Task Force report on atypical femoral fracture. Menopause. 2013 Oct;20(10):1092-7. PMID: 24048261.
223. Ettinger B, Lee JS. Chapter: New physiologic approach to prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis. In: Genazzani A (ed) Postmenopausal Osteoporosis: Hormones and other therapies. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton 2013, pp 193-202.
224. Steunkel CA, Ettinger B. Who should be treated: who should be screened? Chapter 69. In: Marcus R, Feldman D, Dempster DW, Luckey M, Cauley JA (eds) Osteoporosis, Fourth Edition. Academic Press, Waltham 2013, pp 1535-1550.
225. Lo JC, Zheng P, Grimsrud CD, Chandra M, Ettinger B, Budayr A, Lau G, Baur MM, Hui RL, Neugebauer R. Racial/ethnic differences in hip and diaphyseal femur fractures. Osteoporos Int. 2014 Sep;25(9):2313-8. PMID: 24964891.
226. Lo JC, Hui RL, Grimsrud CD, Chandra M, Neugebauer RS, Gonzalez JR, Budayr A, Lau G, Ettinger B. The association of race/ethnicity and risk of atypical femur fracture among older women receiving oral bisphosphonate therapy. Bone. 2016 Apr;85:142-7. PMID: 26769007; PMCID: PMC5108728.
227. Lo JC, Kim S, Chandra M, Ettinger B. Applying ethnic-specific bone mineral density T-scores to Chinese women in the USA. Osteoporos Int. 2016 Dec;27(12):3477-3484. PMID: 27468900.
228. Lee DR, Ettinger B, Chandra M, Hui RL, Lo JC. Changing patterns in oral bisphosphonate initiation in women between 2004 and 2012. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2017 Mar;65(3):656-658. PMID: 28152162; PMCID:PMC5357157.
229. Hui RL, Adams AL, Niu F, Ettinger B, Yi DK, Chandra M, Lo JC. Predicting adherence and persistence with oral bisphosphonate therapy in an integrated health care delivery system. J Manag Care Spec Pharm. 2017 Apr;23(4):503-512. PMID: 28345435; PMCID: PMC5641482.
230. Hosein RJ, Lo JC, Ettinger B, Li BH, Niu F, Hui RL, Adams AL. Trends in bisphosphonate initiation within an integrated healthcare delivery system. Am J Manag Care. 2017 Dec 1;23(12):e421-e422. PMID: 29261250.
231. Ettinger B, Wang SM, Leslie RS, Patel BV, Boulware MJ, Mann ME, McBride M. Evolution of postmenopausal hormone therapy between 2002 and 2009. Menopause. 2018 Nov;25(11):1306-1312. PMID: 30358727.
232. Ettinger B, Quesenberry C, Schroeder DA, Friedman G. Long-term postmenopausal estrogen therapy may be associated with increased risk of breast cancer: a cohort study. Menopause. 2018 Nov;25(11):1191-1194. PMID: 30358712.
233. Ettinger B, Li DK, Klein R. Continuation of postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy: comparison of cyclic versus continuous combined schedules. Menopause. 2018 Nov;25(11):1187-1190. PMID: 30358711.
234. Izano MA, Neugebauer R, Ettinger B, Hui R, Chandra M, Adams AL, Niu F, Ott SM, Lo JC. Using pharmacy data and adherence to define long-term bisphosphonate exposure in women. J Manag Care Spec Pharm. 2019 Jun;25(6):719-723. PMID: 31134854.
235. Juergens N, Ettinger B, Hui R, Chandra M, Lo JC. Secular trends in long-term oral bisphosphonate use. J Gen Intern Med. 2019 Aug;34(8):1383-1384. PMID: 31011979; PMCID: PMC6667586.
236. Li CF, Ettinger B, Chandra M, Lo JC. Vitamin D status among older women initiating osteoporosis therapy. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2019 Oct;67(10):2207-2208. PMID: 31441499.
237. Lo JC, Grimsrud CD, Ott SM, Chandra M, Hui RL, Ettinger B. Atypical femur fracture incidence in women increases with duration of bisphosphonate exposure. Osteoporos Int. 2019 Dec;30(12):2515-2520. PMID: 31555883.
238. Lo JC, Ettinger B. How should we counsel Asian Americans about fracture risk? J Am Geriatr Soc. 2020 May 6. Online ahead of print. PMID: 32374424
The family would like to thank Bruce's mentee, Joan Lo, MD, for preparing this updated publication list. This list will be updated in summer 2021.